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Granular Activated Carbon (GAC), a commercial adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals was treated chemically with potassium bromate for it's surface modification and it's adsorption capacity was investigated with nickel ions. There was an increase in the adsorption capacity of the modified carbon by 90-95% in comparison to the raw granular activated carbon towards nickel ion adsorption. Potassium Bromate oxidation treatment was employed for a period of about 30 mins initially followed by 60 mins and the oxidized carbons were adsorbed with nickel ions. Metal sorption characteristics of as received and modified activated carbons were measured in batch experiments. Batch adsorption was successfully modeled by Langmuir Isotherm Model which indicates monolayer adsorption. The adsorption isotherms also fit well to the Freundlich Model. Effects of pH of initial solution, time of oxidation and mode of treatment on the adsorption process were studied. Experimental results showed that metal uptake increased with an increase in pH and oxidation time. The samples were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) studies and surface area analyzer.

The adsorption of Chromium(VI) from aqueous solutions was studied on different commercial grades of granular activated carbon namely Filtrasorb F‐400, F‐300, F‐200 and F‐100. The adsorption of Chromium (VI) on F‐400 carbon was found to be maximum in comparison to the other grades of carbon. The Chromium (VI) adsorption process in dilute aqueous solutions agreed with the Langmuir and Freundlich models and also obeyed first order kinetics. Metal sorption characteristics of as received activated carbons were measured in batch experiments. The maximum removal (60–65%) for different grades of raw carbon was observed at 25 °C with an initial concentration of 15.16 mg dm−3. It is evident from the study that granular activated carbon holds a particular promise in the removal of metal ions from aqueous solutions.

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Aim:The main objective of the study was to determine the deleterious effect of fluoride on plasma trace minerals of fluorotic cattle and to evaluate the effect of Tamarindus indica leaf powder toward correction of the same.Materials and Methods:A total of 30 cattle exhibiting chronic sign of fluorosis and 10 healthy cattle from nonfluorotic area were incorporated in this study. Fluorotic cattle were divided into three equal groups consisting of 10 cattle each. Group I from fluoride free area served as healthy control. The Group II received no treatment and served as disease control. Groups III and IV were supplemented with tamarind leaf powder at 15 g and 30 g/day with feed for 60 days. Plasma mineral status was evaluated after 60 days of treatment with double beam atomic absorption spectrophotometer.Results:Statistical analysis of data revealed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in mean plasma copper (Cu) (0.344±0.007 ppm), zinc (Zn) (0.692±0.06 ppm), and iron (Fe) concentration (1.100±0.01 ppm) in fluorotic cattle in comparison to healthy cattle (0.58±0.010, 2.342±0.04, 1.406±0.04 ppm, respectively). Significant (p<0.05) increase in Cu, Zn, and Fe was recorded after supplementation of tamarind leaf powder to the fluorotic cattle.Conclusion:It was concluded that fluorotic cattle might be supplemented with T. indica leaf powder with feed for the correction of the decreased level of certain plasma minerals.

Through a survey in Kakatpur block, Odisha, twenty-one numbers of anestrous cattle were selected and equally divided in to three groups (T0, T1 and T2, n=7) for the experiment. T0 was kept as control (farmer's practice), while T1 and T2 were provided with area specific mineral mixture (Ca, P, Mn, Cu, Zn) at 50g/day/animal and bypass fat at 100 g/day/animal, respectively for 60days. Average daily gain was significantly higher in T1 and T2 as compared to that of T0. Significant improvement in blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride and SGPT status was observed after various treatments. Due to mineral supplementation, all blood mineral status was improved. T1 and T2 groups exhibited better ovarian status and conception rate after treatment. Although, highest conception rate was observed in T2 group. Therefore, it can be concluded that supplementation of mineral mixture and bypass fat improved reproductive efficiency of anestrous animals along higher daily gain.