IMPORTANCEThe safety of postnatal corticosteroids used for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm neonates is a controversial matter, and a risk-benefit balance needs to be struck. OBJECTIVE To evaluate 14 corticosteroid regimens used to prevent BPD: moderately early-initiated, low cumulative dose of systemic dexamethasone (MoLdDX); moderately early-initiated, medium cumulative dose of systemic dexamethasone (MoMdDX); moderately early-initiated, high cumulative dose of systemic dexamethasone (MoHdDX); late-initiated, low cumulative dose of systemic dexamethasone (LaLdDX); late-initiated, medium cumulative dose of systemic dexamethasone (LaMdDX); late-initiated, high cumulative dose of systemic dexamethasone (LaHdDX); early-initiated systemic hydrocortisone (EHC); late-initiated systemic hydrocortisone (LHC); early-initiated inhaled budesonide (EIBUD); early-initiated inhaled beclomethasone (EIBEC); early-initiated inhaled fluticasone (EIFLUT); late-initiated inhaled budesonide (LIBUD); late-initiated inhaled beclomethasone (LIBEC); and intratracheal budesonide (ITBUD).DATA SOURCES PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Embase, World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), and CINAHL were searched from inception through August 25, 2020.STUDY SELECTION In this systematic review and network meta-analysis, the randomized clinical trials selected included preterm neonates with a gestational age of 32 weeks or younger and for whom a corticosteroid regimen was initiated within 4 weeks of postnatal age. Peer-reviewed articles and abstracts in all languages were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESISTwo independent authors extracted data in duplicate. Network meta-analysis used a bayesian model. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary combined outcome was BPD, defined as oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA), or mortality at 36 weeks' PMA. The secondary outcomes included 15 safety outcomes. RESULTS A total of 62 studies involving 5559 neonates (mean [SD] gestational age, 26 [1] weeks) were included. Several regimens were associated with a decreased risk of BPD or mortality, including EHC (risk ratio [RR

Background: Multiple noninvasive respiratory support (NRS) modalities are used for postextubation support in preterm neonates. Seven NRS modalities were comparedconstant flow continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) (CF-CPAP) (bubble CPAP; ventilator CPAP), variable flow CPAP (VF-CPAP), high flow nasal cannula (HFNC), synchronized noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (S-NIPPV), nonsynchronized NIPPV (NS-NIPPV), bilevel CPAP (BiPAP), noninvasive high-frequency oscillation ventilation (nHFOV). Design: Systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) using the Bayesian random-effects approach. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, WHO-ICTRP were searched. Main Outcome Measure: Requirement of invasive mechanical ventilation within 7 days of extubation. Results: A total of 33 studies with 4080 preterm neonates were included. S-NIPPV, NS-NIPPV, nHFOV, and VF-CPAP were more efficacious in preventing reintubation than CF-CPAP (risk ratio [RR] [95% credible intervals {CrI}]: 0.

Context Morbidity and mortality amongst extremely low birth weight (ELBW) and extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGANs) in developing nations has not been well studied. Objectives Evaluate survival until discharge, short- and long-term morbidities of ELBW and ELGANs in LMICs. Data sources CENTRAL, EMBASE, MEDLINE and Web of Science. Study selection Prospective and retrospective observational studies were included. Data extraction and synthesis Four authors extracted data independently. Random-effects meta-analysis of proportions was used to synthesize data, modified QUIPS scale to evaluate quality of studies and GRADE approach to ascertain the certainty of evidence (CoE). Results 192 studies enrolling 22,278 ELBW and 18,338 ELGANs were included. Survival was 34% (95% CI: 31% - 37%) (CoE–low) for ELBW and 39% (34% - 44%) (CoE—moderate) for ELGANs. For ELBW neonates, the survival for low-income (LI), lower middle-income (LMI) and upper middle income (UMI) countries was 18% (11% - 28%), 28% (21% - 35%) and 39% (36% - 42%), respectively. For ELGANs, it was 13% (8% - 20%) for LI, 28% (21% - 36%) for LMI and 48% (42% - 53%) for UMI countries. There was no difference in survival between two epochs: 2000–2009 and 2010–2020. Except for necrotising enterocolitis [ELBW and ELGANs—8% (7% - 10%)] and periventricular leukomalacia [ELBW—7% (4% - 11%); ELGANs—6% (5%-7%)], rates of all other morbidities were higher compared to developed nations. Rates of neurodevelopmental impairment was 17% (7% - 34%) in ELBW neonates and 29% (23% - 37%) in ELGANs. Limitations CoE was very low to low for all secondary outcomes. Conclusions Mortality and morbidity amongst ELBW and ELGANs is still a significant burden in LMICs. CoE was very low to low for all the secondary outcomes, emphasizing the need for high quality prospective cohort studies. Trial registration PROSPERO (CRD42020222873).

Zinc deficiency in patients with coeliac disease (CD) may result either from cumulative loss of insoluble zinc complexes or impaired zinc absorption because of damaged intestinal epithelial cell membrane. Zinc deficiency in CD is mild to moderate, though severe deficiency can occur in refractory or chronic CD cases with poor response to gluten-free diet (GFD). A boy aged 19 months presented with persistent diarrhoea, was diagnosed with CD, and developed severe zinc deficiency with acrodermatitis enteropathica-like disease while on GFD and zinc supplementation.

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Maternal anemia is a very common problem in country like India. The prevalence of it is around 56%. As per WHO guidelines maternal anemia is defined as hemoglobin concentration <11g/dl. It results many complications like Post-partum hemorrhage, sepsis, PIH & death. This study is designed to look at the outcomes of neonates born to mother with anemia. The objective of this study is to find the impact of maternal anemia on neonatal outcome. This is a retrospective study conducted in IMS & SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar. The study period was 6 months (01.02.2019-30.07.2019). In this study period, baseline data of the mothers admitted to Obstetrics units were collected. Total 370 mothers were enrolled. Participants in study were divided into 2 groups-maternal anemia or no anemia. Mothers with APH, anemia due to acute blood loss & multiple gestation were excluded. Immediate neonatal outcomes (NICU admission due to any reason, small for gestational age) of the neonates born to these mothers were documented from neonatal unit at IMS and SUM Hospital. Need of NICU admission was significantly high for neonates born to anemic mothers as compared to neonates born to nonanemic mothers (53.8% vs 18.5%, 95% CI: [34.1, 36.5], P value <0.001). On regression analysis after adjusting with gestational age and birth weight, for every 1gm/dl decrease of hemoglobin in mother, the risk of NICU admissions has increased by 39%. Our study suggests that low maternal hemoglobin increases NICU admissions and its severity further increases its number and other complications.

Introduction: Elizabethkingia meningoseptica , a rare cause of sepsis and meningitis in neonates, often associated with a wide spectrum of clinical presentation. The objective of the study was to describe the clinical characteristics and outcome of neonates, who developed meningitis secondary to Elizabethkingia meningoseptica infection at a tertiary care Neonatal unit in India. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in the neonatal unit of a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi. The clinical data including demographic data, clinical presentation, management, and outcome data were collected and analyzed. Results: During the study, 7 neonates with meningitis secondary to Elizabethkingia infection were identified. Majority of the neonates were preterm with a median gestational age of 31 (interquartile range: 29–33.5) weeks and a median birth weight of 1250 g (interquartile range: 1024–2065). The median age of onset of symptoms was 7 days. Lethargy (100%), apnea (85%), seizure (71%), and feeding difficulties (42%) were the common clinical presentations. Overall mortality during the period was 28.5%, and 60% of the survivor developed hydrocephalus. Isolated strains were resistant to the commonly used antibiotics (piperacillin-tazobactam, aminoglycosides, meropenem, and colistin) effective against Gram-negative organisms. The environmental screening was done but the potential source of infection could not be identified conclusively. Conclusion: Meningitis in neonates caused by Elizabethkingia represents a potentially life-threatening infection and is often associated with significant neurological impairment, especially in premature neonates. A prolonged duration of antibiotic therapy, longer hospital stay, and likelihood of adverse neurologic sequelae during the hospital stay and follow-up should be anticipated in such cases of meningitis.