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Open add-on tiagabine for treatment-refractory patients with bipolar disorder demonstrated limited efficacy with the majority of patients showing no change or worsening of clinical symptoms. In addition, patients experienced serious side-effects attributed as likely due to the medication, which resolved without lasting consequence when tiagabine was discontinued.

This chapter revolves around the kind of rejection accompanied by special feelings toward the person who initiated the refusal of an aspiring lover's proposal. Discussed here are the perception differences of the rejected and the rejector, as well as their corresponding implications. Unreciprocated feelings result in self-degradation, despair, and lack of enthusiasm to engage in future relationships. Maintenance of a certain level of friendship or acquaintance can be hindered by the awkward aftermaths of mismatched affections. Recognition of the fact that not all emotions are mutually rewarded all the time will enable people with heartbreaking experiences to move on. Additional tips to soothe the getting-over phase are as follows: understanding the reasons of unrequited love, diverting attention to other aspects (mainly the future), as well as appreciating time alone and the presence of families, friends, and others who care.

The present research examined individuals' responses to major self-esteem threat. It was predicted that following a major threat to self-esteem individuals would experience ego-shock-a temporary "freezing" of consciousness and emotional numbness. Fifty-two participants wrote a narrative describing a situation where they received a major threat to their self-esteem and a situation where they received a minor threat to their self-esteem. They then answered questions regarding the experience of ego-shock following the event described in each narrative. Ego-shock was reported following major self-esteem threats to a greater degree than following minor self-esteem threats. Additional analyses revealed that ego-shock is an immediate and automatic process. The long-term effects of major self-esteem threats to the individual are discussed.Being an academic success is of central importance to Lisa's self-concept. Lisa was a star student in high school and never received a grade below an A-. As a result of her consistently excellent academic performance, Lisa enrolls in a highly selective private university. The first semester she takes a class in geology where she feels certain to get a grade of A. Unfortunately, the results of the midterm exam (that are posted in the hallway) do not meet expectations. Lisa's grade is a D: the first D she has ever received. When Lisa sees the grade she freezes. For almost a full minute the world seems distant and unreal. Soon Lisa starts to think 79