Petrological investigations supported by multi-scale structural analysis of eclogitized serpentinite in the Zermatt-Saas Zone of the Western Alps allows for the determination of mineral assemblages related to successive fabrics, upon which the P-T-d-t path of these hydrated mantle rocks can be inferred. Serpentinites of the upper Valtournanche, with lenses and dykes of metagabbro and meta-rodingite, display an Alpine polyphase metamorphic evolution from eclogite to epidote-amphibolite facies conditions associated with three successive foliations having different parageneses in these rocks. Serpentinite mainly consists of serpentine with minor magnetite; however, where S1 and S2 foliations are pervasive, metamorphic olivine, together with Ti-clinohumite and clinopyroxene, are also found. The mineral assemblage associated with D1 includes serpentine1, clinopyroxene1, opaque minerals, titanite ± olivine1, Ti-clinohumite1 and ilmenite; the D2 assemblage is the same (±chlorite) but minerals have different compositions. The assemblage associated with D3 comprises serpentine3, opaque minerals, ±chlorite3, ilmenite and amphibole3. Ti-clinohumite is associated with veins that are older than D2 and pre-date D3. Veins that post-date D3 are characterized by amphibole + chlorite or by serpentine. P-T conditions for S2 parageneses evaluated using two pseudosections for different bulk compositions suggest that these rocks experienced pressures >2.5 ± 0.3 GPa at temperatures slightly higher than 600°C. The late epidote-amphibolite facies re-equilibration associated with D3 and D4 developed during late syn-exhumation deformation related to folding and testifies to a small temperature decrease. These results, which were integrated in the regional framework, suggest that different portions of the Zermatt-Saas Zone registered different P-T peak conditions and underwent different exhumation paths. In addition, the inferred P-T-d-t path suggests that the Valtournanche serpentinites re-equilibrated close to the UHP conditions registered by the Cignana meta-cherts. These results imply that tectonic slices exhumed after UHP metamorphism might be wider than previously reported or that small-size UHP units, tectonically sampled during the Alpine convergence, are more abundant than those that have been detected to date.

Records of Variscan structural and metamorphic imprints in the Alps indicate that before Pangaea fragmentation, the continental lithosphere was thermally and mechanically perturbed during Variscan subduction and collision. A diffuse igneous activity associated with high-temperature (HT) metamorphism, accounting for a Permian–Triassic high thermal regime, is peculiar to the Alpine area and has been interpreted as induced either by late-orogenic collapse or by lithospheric extension and thinning leading to continental rifting. Intra-continental basins hosting Permian volcanic products have been interpreted as developed either in a late-collisional strike-slip or in a continental rifting setting. Two-dimensional finite element models have been used to shed light on the transition between the late Variscan orogenic evolution and lithospheric thinning that, since Permian–Triassic time, announced the opening of Tethys. Comparison of model predictions with a broad set of natural metamorphic, structural, sedimentary and igneous data suggests that the late collisional gravitational evolution does not provide a thermo-mechanical outline able to justify mantle partial melting, evidenced by emplacement of huge gabbro bodies and regional-scale high-temperature metamorphism during Permian–Triassic time. An active extension is required to obtain model predictions comparable with natural data inferred from the volumes of the Alpine basement that were poorly reactivated during Mesozoic–Tertiary convergence.

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Multiscale structural analysis and petrological modelling were used to establish the pressure‐peak mineral assemblages and pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions recorded in the rodingites of the upper Valtournanche portion of the oceanic Zermatt‐Saas Zone (ZSZ; Western Alps, northwestern Italy) during Alpine subduction. Rodingites occur in the form of deformed dykes and boudins within the hosting serpentinites. A field structural analysis showed that rodingites and serpentinites record four ductile deformation stages (D1–D4) during the Alpine cycle, with the first three stages associated with new foliations. The most pervasive fabric is S2 that is marked by mineral assemblages in serpentinite indicating pressure‐peak conditions, involving mostly serpentine, clinopyroxene, olivine, Ti‐clinohumite and chlorite. Three rodingite types can be defined: epidote‐bearing, garnet–chlorite–clinopyroxene‐bearing and vesuvianite‐bearing rodingite. In these, the pressure‐peak assemblages coeval with S2 development involve: (i) epidoteII + clinopyroxeneII + Mg‐chloriteII + garnetII ± rutile ± tremoliteI in the epidote‐bearing rodingite; (ii) Mg‐chloriteII + garnetII clinopyroxeneII ± vesuvianiteII ± ilmenite in the garnet–chlorite–clinopyroxene‐bearing rodingite; (iii) vesuvianiteII + Mg‐chloriteII + clinopyroxeneII + garnetII ± rutile ± epidote in vesuvianite‐bearing rodingite. Despite the pervasive structural reworking of the rodingites during Alpine subduction, the mineral relicts of the pre‐Alpine ocean floor history have been preserved and consist of clinopyroxene porphyroclasts (probable igneous relicts from gabbro dykes) and Cr‐rich garnet and vesuvianite (relicts of ocean floor metasomatism). Petrological modelling using thermocalc in the NCFMASHTO system was used to constrain the P–T conditions of the S2 mineral assemblages. The inferred values of 2.3–2.8 GPa and 580–660 °C are consistent with those obtained for syn‐S2 assemblages in the surrounding serpentinites. Multiscale structural analysis indicates that some ocean floor minerals remained stable under eclogite facies conditions suggesting that minerals such as vesuvianite, which is generally regarded as a low‐P phase, could also be stable in favourable chemical systems under high‐P/ultra‐high‐pressure (HP/UHP) conditions. Finally, the reconstructed P–T–d–t path indicates that the P/T ratio characterizing the D2 stage is consistent with cold subduction as estimated in this part of the Alps. The estimated pressure‐peak values are higher than those previously reported in this part of ZSZ, suggesting that the UHP units are larger and/or more abundant than those previously suggested.

The Lago della Vecchia-Valle d'Irogna rocks are part of the Eclogitic Micaschists Complex (EMC) of the Sesia-Lanzo Zone, western Austroalpine domain. The 1:10,000 scale map includes metaintrusive, minor micaschist, banded gneiss, and metabasic boudins. The multiscale structural analysis reveals successive magmatic and tectono-metamorphic stages: during M0 the metaintrusive protoliths emplaced; D1 took place under eclogite-facies conditions; during D2 stage, a pervasive foliation developed under retrograde blueschist-facies conditions; D3-D4 and D5 structures developed under greenschist-facies conditions; during M6 andesitic dykes intruded. The mapped degree of fabric evolution (FE) and metamorphic transformation (MT) related to D2-foliation shows that the MT was not only controlled by bulk rock and mineral compositions, but also by FE. The development of a pervasive blueschist-facies D2-foliation is in contrast with the eclogitic dominant fabric generally recorded in the EMC. This difference suggests that FE and MT are potentially responsible for km-scale heterogeneities in the tectono-metamorphic record.ARTICLE HISTORY

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We document structural, geochemical, petrological and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronological data performed on Variscan eclogites from the Argentera-Mercantour Massif, southwestern Alps. Based on the high-resolution field mapping, we present new eclogite occurrences and discuss the relationships between eclogites and surrounding migmatites. We recognized for the first time preserved eclogite facies assemblages. Trace elements and REE patterns establish that eclogites protoliths are MORBs contaminated by continental crust. Standard thermobarometry and thermodynamic modeling are consistent with P-T values of 640-740 °C for 1.5 ± 0.25 GPa, coherent with paleo-geotherms predicted for warm subduction of oceanic crust. We interpret these eclogites as a dismembered cryptic suture zone. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating on amphiboles yields an age of 339.7 ± 12 Ma for eclogite retrogression under amphibolite facies conditions. All these data are combined to link the Argentera-Mercantour Massif in the tectonic framework of both pre-Mesozoic Alpine basement and European southern Variscides.

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