In spite of the technological, economic, and normative efforts, all democratic countries are developing electronic filing (e-filing) in the justice sector, but only a few of them have operational systems. This chapter tries to give a solution to this situation in light of risk management theories. Different strategic approaches to policies for risk management have been adopted by institutions governing ICT technologies in the development of the judicial electronic data interchange (JEDI). As the author shows with the support of the information provided by several case studies, such approaches are correlated to the (positive and negative) results achieved by the different countries in terms of successful implementation and diffusion of e-justice. In the concluding remarks and future trends sections, the author will provide indications to support the development of ICT strategies in this area.
The smart city literature states that three levels of institutional layers (regulatory, normative, and cognitive) and four typologies of actors (government, universities, citizens, and the private sector) support private initiative for developing smart technologies. Focusing on the emergent phenomenon of smart apps ideated by lawyers’ private initiatives, this paper acknowledges that other factors, including the ubiquity of mobile technologies and the absence of effective public services provided by public institutions, contribute to the institutional and organizational humus necessary for the creation of intelligent technological proposals. In the light of the organizational theory framework, and based on the analysis of the literature on smart cities and e-justice and on the empirical investigation of two Italian lawyers’ apps (Collega and Anthea), this paper identifies the institutional, organizational, and technological conditions under which smart technologies are being developed in high-regulated public institutions’ contexts as justice systems. The findings of the study described in this paper help integrate the contribution of the literature on the topic.
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