Background: Cervical samples of patients with human papillomavirus (HPV) infections show positive results in HPV DNA testing. HPV infection can alter cervical squamous epithelial cells (CSECs) to be abnormal. Epigenetically, CSECs that change to be abnormal are affected by Fas-promoter-670 gene polymorphism. High-risk HPV (hr-HPV) patients can be infected by other microbes, for example, Candida species (Candida sp.). The present study's purpose was to show CSEC biometrics based on epigenetics of the Fas-promoter-670 gene polymorphism in Indonesian women with hr-HPV and Candida sp. infection. Biometric quantification was performed based on the following analysis of CSECs.Case report: Indonesian hr-HPV women at the age of 28 years, with Candida sp. infection, underwent a Pap smear examination on April 21st, 2016, using the ThinPrep method, and a blood test was also performed using the cubital vein. Blood and ThinPrep samples were examined for the Fas-promoter-670 gene polymorphism. Epigenetically, the subjects had the GA genotype of the Fas-promoter-670 gene in the blood and ThinPrep samples. Patients with Candida sp. infection in the early stages were characterized by the appearance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), whereas those in advanced stages presented without PMN on the hyphae. CSEC biometric measurements were performed quantitatively using mononuclear CSECs (mn-CSECs) and binucleated CSECs (bn-CSECs).Conclusion: Biometric measurements of the CSECs were performed quantitatively and assessed the length, width, area and perimeter of the cell and its nuclei. Cell length, cell width, nucleus area, nucleus perimeter and nucleus length index were significantly different between the mn-CSECs, the 1st nucleus of bn-CSECs and 2nd nucleus of bn-CSECs (P<0.05).
Filtered kretek cigarette smoke is a gas that contains solid components (particulates). Carcinogenic chemicals are present in this type of cigarette smoke. Furthermore, it is said that tobacco has a major negative impact on cerebral structure development, creates addiction, and alters brain activity and function. The purpose of this study was to see how filtered kretek cigarette smoke affected the density of pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex and Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex. An experimental and control group design was used for the study. Group 1 (6 rats) is the control group, and the rats breathe normally. Group 2 (6 rats) was exposed to filtered kretek cigarette smoke at a rate of one stick per day for three months. Pyramidal cells in the rat cerebral cortex and Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex were studied. Pyramidal cells were expected to be distributed in the cerebral cortex at the hippocampus area of rats in group 1. In contrast, the density of pyramidal cells decreased in group 2. The number of pyramidal cells in the rat cerebral cortex differed significantly between groups 1 and 2 (p<0.001). Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex in group 1 were normal, whereas Purkinje cells in group 2 were degenerated. The distance between Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex was greater in group 1 than in group 2 (p<0.001). Rats exposed to 1 stick of Kretek cigarette smoke each day for 3 months had lower pyramidal cell density in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The same result happened: one stick of Kretek cigarette smoke each day for three months reduced Purkinje cell density in the cerebellar cortex.
Introduction: Indonesia is a country with a large agricultural and industry, known to utilize various types of pesticides, as well as several other industries with uncontrolled pollution levels distributed across the nation. Besides, numerous studies have stated the adverse effects of chemicals substances used in daily life and industrial waste on the health of living things, including humans. This study aimed to determine the infertility characteristic in the agricultural and industrial areas in Karawang Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia.Methods: The study was conducted retrospectively on medical records. Therefore, this study determined the infertility characteristics based on sperm analysis, the etiology of the causes of infertility in female, and the diagnosis of infertility. Data collection was obtained from patients' medical records in the Infertile Poly of Mitra Bunda Amanda Hospital Karawang, Karawang Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. Result: The results showed infertility was most prevalent in males aged 30-40 years (55.79%) and females below 30 years (61.05%). Furthermore, the male and female's most prevalent educational qualification (33.68% and 36.84%, respectively) was discovered to be high school diploma. In terms of occupation, most male (56.84%) were laborers, while the female was mostly housewives (36.84%). Meanwhile, oligoasthenoteratozoospermia was the most analyzed sperm type (33.68%), and polycystic ovary syndrome was the most common etiology of infertility in females (26.32%). The most prevalent diagnosis was primary infertility factors, male and female (45.26%).Conclusion: Primary infertility of male and female factors, polycystic ovary syndrome and oligoasthenoteratozoospermia dominate the infertile population in agricultural and industrial areas in Karawang Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia.
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