. . . [F] ear is being swept from the streets of somethough not all- American cities.John Mitchell, September, 1971New York Times, 1971: IV, 16Enterprising police are making news rather than history in the preparation of their annual reports. Dry tabulations are giving way to charts, pictures, and other illustrations that catch the eye and tell the story of the problems and accomplishments of the department.Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1966a: 58During the 1960's, “crime in the streets” emerged as a major political issue. 1 Consequently, measurement of changes in the amount of crime also became politically important. As a candidate in 1968, Richard Nixon, recognizing this, proposed the use of the District of Columbia as a site for an evaluation of his anti-crime proposals by means of crime statistics: There is another area where the Federal Government has an opportunity to make a dramatic demonstration of its concern with the problem of crime, its commitment to new solutions and the efficacy of its proposals. That is in Washington, D.C.the nation's capital where the authority of the Federal Government is great and its prerogatives many. Washington, D.C. should be a model city as far as law enforcement is concerned-a national laboratory (New York Times, 1972).
Over the last decade, carriers have entered into operational relationships known as alliances to increase their product offerings and to reduce their costs. Carriers have been able to do so because alliances enable partners to rely on and to combine other carriers' operations in addition to their own. Although alliances have drastically improved operational efficiency, larger carriers will not take the logical next step and merge for a variety of reasons. Ironically, regulation through the Federal Maritime Commission is not one of the factors dissuading carriers from consolidating. This paper explains, from the carriers' point of view, the advantages and disadvantages of entering into alliances and explores the history of the US regulatory regime of cooperative agreements, including alliances. Thereafter, this paper analyses the factors that potentially will influence the future of alliances and predicts the effect of each of these factors. Overall, this paper concludes that carriers would prefer to enjoy the benefits of alliances without having to ally or to merge with another carrier; therefore, the real long-term goal of large carriers is the improvement of their services without the aid of another large carrier, regardless of whether the improvement is through an alliance or a merger.International Journal of Maritime Economics (2001) 3, 351–367. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.ijme.9100025
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