This study analyses the current debate around central bank-backed digital currency (CBDC). A comparative study was carried out considering countries for and against implementing a CBDC and their reasons, looking for common causes, differences, etc. The conclusion was that there are opposite tendencies between defenders and detractors of establishing a CBDC. However, today—and taking into account the positions of three large banking institutions (the Federal Reserve of the United States of America, the Bank of Japan and the Bank of England) on establishing (at least in the short term) a CBDC)—it seems that large-scale implementation is still far off. On the contrary, the Chinese Central Bank and banking systems of other countries that have less weight in the world, such as Uruguay, Lithuania and the Bahamas, seem to go against the trend of rejection and are seriously considering its implementation. Although this matter has been dealt with in the theoretical field, more pilot tests such as the one carried out by Uruguay are necessary in order to understand specific effects on the economy, on one hand, and on acceptance of its use by the population, on the other.

Cryptocurrencies have been developing very rapidly in recent years, and their use is becoming more and more widespread in different areas. The use of digital currencies for legal uses is advancing along with technological development, but, at the same time, criminal activities are also emerging to take advantage of this boom. The aim of this paper has been, first, to analyze the various ways in which individuals and criminal organizations have taken advantage of the phenomenon of cryptocurrencies to carry out fraudulent activities such as laundering money of illicit origin and, second, to provide an overview of the legal tools that have been developed in this regard in Europe and, more specifically, in Spain to combat these activities. Undoubtedly, cryptocurrencies bring great benefits to the economy, but it is also necessary to know the risks and abuses that have been developed to prevent them.

Globalization is a very interesting field of study for social scientists. As usual, there are several approaches to this endeavor (Keynesian, classical liberal, Marxist, etc.) and it could be studied from various angles (economical, historical, political, sociological, etc.). Therefore, controversies are guaranteed. However, in these discussions about globalization, several economic fallacies and errors normally appear. In this paper I want to point out some of these common mistakes that participants in globalization discussions are prone to make and I want to show why I believe they are wrong. In order to dothat, I am going to use logical claims to try to demonstrate my points. I am going to divide the fallacies into four groups. The first topic is trade. The second subject is economic statistics. The third point is poverty. The fourth group is scarcity of natural resources and population growth. Key words: Globalization, free trade, protectionism, economic growth and natural resources, poverty, foreign aid, statistics. JEL Classification: F35, C0, I32,I38, Q34, FI0. Resumen: La globalización es un campo de estudio muy interesante para los científicos sociales. Como suele ocurrir hay muchas aproximaciones a esta cuestión (keynesianos, liberales clásicos, marxistas, etc.) y puede ser estudiada desde varios ángulos (económico, histórico, político, sociológico, etc.). Por tanto, las discusiones están garantizadas. Sin embargo, en estas discusiones suelen aparecer numerosas falacias económicas y errores. En este artículo quiero mostrar algunos de estos errores más comunes que tienden a cometer los participantes en discusiones sobre la globalización. Para elloutilizaré exclusivamente una argumentación lógica. Dividiré las falacias en cuatro grupos: comercio, estadísticas económicas, pobreza y escasez de los recursos naturales y crecimiento poblacional. Palabras clave: Globalización, comercio libre, proteccionismo, crecimiento económico y recursos naturales, pobreza, ayuda exterior, estadísticas. Clasificación JEL: F35, C0, I32,I38, Q34, FI0.

The economic activity tends to self-organize under every imaginable situation thanks to the coordinating and creative force of entrepreneurship. Thus, during the Second World War, a market economy developed spontaneously in P.O.W. camps, driven by the entrepreneurship based on the cigarette currency and on free exchange, in which prisoners tried to improve their material welfare by means of voluntary cooperation. Through the testimony of an economist, who fought in the British army and who was captured by the German army, we get to know in detail the development process of this so odd economy. The present work aims at an Austrian interpretation of R.A . Radford's testimony about the development of these processes, putting special emphasis on the leading role of entrepreneurship and evaluating their dynamic efficiency degree at all times. Key words: Entrepreneurship, dynamic efficiency, P.O.W. camp, cigarette currency. Resumen: La actividad económica tiende a auto-organizarse en todas las situaciones imaginables gracias a la fuerza coordinadora y creativa de la función empresarial. Así, en los campos de prisioneros de guerra de la Segunda Guerra Mundial se formó de manera espontánea toda una economía de mercado impulsada por la empresarialidad basada en la moneda-cigarrillo y en el intercambio libre en la que los reclusos trataban de mejorar su bienestar material mediante la cooperación voluntaria. A través del testimonio de un economista que luchó en el ejército británico y que fue capturado por el ejército alemán podemos conocer con detalle cuál fue el proceso de desarrollo de esta economía tan peculiar. El presente trabajo pretende ser una interpretación austriaca del testimonio de R.A. Radford sobre el desarrollo de estos procesos haciendo hincapié en el papel protagonista de la empresarialidad y evaluando en todo momento el grado de eficiencia dinámica de los mismos. Palabras clave: Función empresarial, eficiencia dinámica, campo de prisioneros, moneda cigarrillo.