These results suggest that most individuals with well-controlled medical conditions can withstand acceleration forces of launch and re-entry profiles of current commercial spaceflight vehicles.

BACKGROUND Astronauts on exploration missions may be at risk for traumatic injury and medical conditions that lead to life threatening hemorrhage. Resuscitation protocols are limited by the austere conditions of spaceflight. Solutions may be found in low‐resource terrestrial settings. The existing literature on alternative blood product administration and walking blood banks was evaluated for applicability to spaceflight. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A literature review was done using PubMed and Google Scholar. References were crosschecked for additional publications not identified using the initial search terms. Twenty‐seven articles were identified, including three controlled trials, six retrospective cohort analyses, 15 reviews, one case report, and two experimental studies. RESULTS Solutions to blood transfusion in austere settings include lyophilized blood products, hemoglobin‐based oxygen carriers (HBOCs), and fresh whole blood. Many of these products are investigational. Protocols for walking blood banks include methods for screening and activating donors, transfusion, and monitoring for adverse reactions. Microgravity and mission limitations create additional challenges for transfusion, including baseline physiologic changes, difficulty reconstituting lyophilized products, risk of air emboli during transfusion, equipment constraints, and limited evacuation and surgical options. CONCLUSION Medical planning for space exploration should consider the possibility of acute blood loss. A model for “floating” blood banks based on terrestrial walking blood bank protocols from austere environments is presented, with suggestions for future development. Constraints on volume, mass, storage, and crew, present challenges to blood transfusion in space and must be weighed against the benefits of expanding medical capabilities.

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Data from the Phobos 2 Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (ISM), compiled by Mustard et al. [1993], and other observations support the existence of komatiitic lavas on Mars. Mustard et al. [1993] determined from ISM data that the composition of the low‐albedo materials covering the Syrtis Major plateau originally consisted of augite‐bearing basalt containing both augite and pigeonite, with no appreciable amount of olivine. This description is consistent with a komatiitic basalt. Komatiite is significant for the Earth because it contains a high amount of MgO, implying generation under unique circumstances compared to more typical basaltic compositions and may be similarly important for Mars.

Many providers rely on electronic billing systems to report information to immunization registries. If billing data fail to capture some administered immunizations, the registry will not reflect a child's true immunization status. Our objective was to assess differences between immunizations administered and immunizations reported to a registry from electronic billing systems. Philadelphia's Department of Public Health conducted chart audits in 45 providers serving 50 or more children aged 7-35 months and using electronic billing systems to report data to Philadelphia's immunization registry in 2001-2003. Chart records were compared to registry records to identify immunizations administered in these practices but not reported to the registry. The study practices administered 256,969 immunizations to 20,611 children. Of these 256,969 administered immunizations, 62,213 (24%) were not in the registry. The electronic billing systems submitted data for all administered immunizations for 69% of immunization visits, some but not all for 11% of visits, and none for 20% of visits. Immunizations administered but not billed cost these providers up to $980,477 in lost revenue from administrative fees alone. Improvement of billing data quality would result in more complete registries, higher reported immunization coverage rates, and recovered revenue for immunization providers.

Potential risks to SFPs with CIDs include increased arrhythmogenesis, lead displacement, and device damage. There are no known prior studies of individuals with CIDs exposed to accelerations anticipated during the dynamic phases of suborbital spaceflight. These cases demonstrate that even individuals with significant medical histories and implanted devices can tolerate the acceleration exposures of commercial spaceflight. Further investigation will determine which personal medical devices present significant risks during suborbital flight and beyond.

Deliverability of gas and liquid hydrocarbons in retrograde condensate systems is highly affected by factors related to both reservoir characteristics and operative variables. It is well documented that pressure depletion coupled with tight petrophysical environments can lead to severe PI decrease due to liquid accumulation initially in the near wellbore area and then in the whole reservoir. Conventional approaches for condensate blockage removal have included the injection of low interfacial tension systems and alcohol blends to promote capillary forces minimization up to levels at which liquid bank gets remobilized. This type of solutions though, can be durability limited as liquid will reform once chemicals leave treated area. This condition become even more critical when static reservoir pressure gets below dew point as liquids from non treated zone will rapidly imbibe into the treated zone decreasing durability even further.The present work documents a field trial of a fluoro polymer technology aimed on Kro and Krg enhancement by rock wettability modification. This technique, as opposed to conventional chemistries working at the fluid-fluid interaction level, is aimed on altering rock`s original wettability. The objective is to promote a neutral wettability condition to minimize capillary effects driven by the contact angle according to LaPlace equation (fig 1).Through a "facts and gaps analysis", a set of root causes are presented to explain the high PI improvement (¬50%) but limited durability observed at field scale. Uncertainties on original rock wettability condition, water saturation profile in the near wellbore, deployment technique effectiveness and chemical properties of size and adsorption are all included in the root cause analysis. Data from pre job coreflood tests, pumping variables behavior and backflowed samples chemical analysis are also incorporated to the exercise. A final set of recommendations derived from the f&g analysis are to be included in further trials of the wettability modification technology where heterogeneous sandstone, compositional condensate environments are present.

Immune suppression due to the stressful Antarctic environment may have contributed to the increased incidence of herpes zoster in U.S. Antarctic personnel during the winter of 2014. Working and living in isolated, confined, and extreme environments can cause immune suppression, reactivating latent viruses and increasing viral shedding and symptomatic disease. Such changes have been observed in other austere environments, including spaceflight, suggesting that clinical manifestations of viral reactivation may be seen in future spaceflight.Reyes DP, Brinley AA, Blue RS, Gruschkus SK, Allen AT, Parazynski SE. Clinical herpes zoster in Antarctica as a model for spaceflight. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2017; 88(8):784-788.