Particulate matter, especially fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) originating from the combustion of fossil fuels, has become the main cause of air pollution [Feng, Y.; et al. Fuel 2018, 224, 801−813]. There is currently growing interest worldwide in maintaining the emissions of these particles within levels, which allows preventing their negative effects on the environment and human health. The PM 2.5 fraction of the particles emitted by stationary and mobile sources is comprised of both filterable particulate matter (FPM) and condensable particulate matter (CPM). Environmental regulations do not envisage readings of the CPM fraction, even though it has been shown that in some characterized sources, this type of particle represents higher emissions than FPM [
The experimental detection of localized necking is an important issue in sheet metal forming. Today, the most common and extended techniques are strain-based methods using digital image correlation (DIC). The present work discuses a thermal methodology to detect the onset of necking in metals based on the analysis of the temperature gradient using digital infrared thermography (DIT). A series of tensile tests of H240LA-O3 high-strength steel of 1.2mm thickness is analysed using DIC and DIT techniques. It is proposed that necking initiates when the temperature difference at a reference distance from the necking point reaches a critical value, which allows identifying the necking time and estimating the limit strains from the visible images using circle grid analysis.
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