Abstract:The experimental detection of localized necking is an important issue in sheet metal forming. Today, the most common and extended techniques are strain-based methods using digital image correlation (DIC). The present work discuses a thermal methodology to detect the onset of necking in metals based on the analysis of the temperature gradient using digital infrared thermography (DIT). A series of tensile tests of H240LA-O3 high-strength steel of 1.2mm thickness is analysed using DIC and DIT techniques. It is pr… Show more
“…Finally, it should be noted that the parallel found between strain rate and temperature rate evolution suggests that the use of thermal methodologies for detecting localized necking in sheet metal forming based on analyzing the temperature field by DIT, rather than strain fields by DIC, could be feasible [12].…”
The study of localized necking based on strain analysis using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is the most widely used technique in sheet metal forming to study the FLD (Forming Limit Diagram). However, due to the heat generated by plastic deformation during the forming operations, another way is to analyze the temperature field of the specimen during the test by using Digital Infrared Thermography (DIT). A series of Nakazima tensile tests of high-strength low-alloy steel were tested using DIC and DIT synchronized systems. In this study, a thermomechanical numerical model was developed in ABAQUS/Standard in order to study the energy balance between the different effects of heat generation by plastic deformation, and transient conductive and convective heat transfers through the sample and to the environment. Analysis of the predicted energy balance during the tests allowed to understand the temperature evolution observed both at the beginning and at the development of the unstable necking until fracture. The numerical results are consistent with the analysis obtained from experimental temperature field, making feasible the use of DIT systems to study new necking detection criteria.
“…Finally, it should be noted that the parallel found between strain rate and temperature rate evolution suggests that the use of thermal methodologies for detecting localized necking in sheet metal forming based on analyzing the temperature field by DIT, rather than strain fields by DIC, could be feasible [12].…”
The study of localized necking based on strain analysis using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is the most widely used technique in sheet metal forming to study the FLD (Forming Limit Diagram). However, due to the heat generated by plastic deformation during the forming operations, another way is to analyze the temperature field of the specimen during the test by using Digital Infrared Thermography (DIT). A series of Nakazima tensile tests of high-strength low-alloy steel were tested using DIC and DIT synchronized systems. In this study, a thermomechanical numerical model was developed in ABAQUS/Standard in order to study the energy balance between the different effects of heat generation by plastic deformation, and transient conductive and convective heat transfers through the sample and to the environment. Analysis of the predicted energy balance during the tests allowed to understand the temperature evolution observed both at the beginning and at the development of the unstable necking until fracture. The numerical results are consistent with the analysis obtained from experimental temperature field, making feasible the use of DIT systems to study new necking detection criteria.
“…5) based on the assumptions by Keeler [33] and Goodwin [34]. The tests used samples with a geometry ensuring obtaining deformations in the full analyzed range, in accordance with the Nakazima test [35][36][37][38]. Before starting the deformation process, measurement points were marked on the prepared samples.…”
Section: Determination Of the Forming Limit Curvementioning
The extent of deformation in the process of forming body elements affects the amount of thinning of the shaped material, and consequently the possibility of material cohesion loss. In the tests, the size of deformation of the car body elements in the stamping process was determined according to the measurement of the displacement of the measurement points. A measuring grid was applied to the surface of the mat by electrochemical etching. The form with the applied measuring grid was drawing on the production line. Reference point displacement measurements were made with the use of an optical measuring system. The forming limit curve was determined for the CR4 grade steel sheet with a thickness of g = 0.75 mm. The deformation measurement results were related to the forming limit curve to identify the actual deformation level. The results of the deformation measurement allowed to indicate the place and scope of the correction of the shaping tools geometry and process parameters.
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