Temtories of 4 species of herbivorous damselfish from coral reefs of the central Great Barrier Reef and Motupore Island, Papua New Guinea were shown to be zones of high algal biomass and primary productivity relative to surrounding epilithic algal communities. Productivity was rneasured in the field from die1 patterns in oxygen flux, employing in situ data-logging respirometers. Algal communities inside territories were 1.6 to 3.4 times more productive per surface area than surrounding algal substrata. Algal communities of damselfish territories maintain a rate of productivity per unit biomass 1.5 to 3.4 times h g h e r than that of algae growing outside the territories. Differences in primary productivity for the 2 different types of algal community are due to the higher photosynthetic efficiency (0.37 to 0.94 pg O2 PE-') and potential maximum rate of photosynthesis (57 to 249 pg Oz cm-2 h-') of algae from territories compared with algae of non-territory areas (0.20 to 0.35 pg O2and 24 to 78 pg O2 cm-2 h-', respectively). Photosynthetic compensation and saturation irradiance were similar for the 2 algal communities and ranged from 52 to 100 and 337 to 735 PE m-' S-', respectively. These temtories are shown to be important to reef net productivity since they cover a high proportion of the reef flat zones examined (up to 77 O/O of substratum). Several hypotheses are proposed to account for the significantly higher rates of prlmary productivity inside coral reef damselfish territories compared wlth adjacent substrata.
The Waste Framework Directive obliged European Union Member States to set up separate collection systems to promote high quality recycling for at least paper, metal, plastic and glass by 2015. As implementation of the requirement varies across European Union Member States, the European Commission contracted BiPRO GmbH/Copenhagen Resource Institute to assess the separate collection schemes in the 28 European Union Member States, focusing on capital cities and on metal, plastic, glass (with packaging as the main source), paper/cardboard and bio-waste. The study includes an assessment of the legal framework for, and the practical implementation of, collection systems in the European Union-28 Member States and an in depth-analysis of systems applied in all capital cities. It covers collection systems that collect one or more of the five waste streams separately from residual waste/mixed municipal waste at source (including strict separation, co-mingled systems, door-to-door, bring-point collection and civic amenity sites). A scoreboard including 13 indicators is elaborated in order to measure the performance of the systems with the capture rates as key indicators to identify best performers. Best performance are by the cities of Ljubljana, Helsinki and Tallinn, leading to the key conclusion that door-to-door collection, at least for paper and bio-waste, and the implementation of pay-as-you-throw schemes results in high capture and thus high recycling rates of packaging and other municipal waste.
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