A B S T R A C TPeracetic acid (PAA) is considered an eco-friendly alternative to other antimicrobial agents of common use in aquaculture. The literature suggests that fish can habituate to PAA exposure based on a reduction of the fish corticosteroid response to PAA administration after repeated exposures. If that is true, PAA would also be a good option from the point of view of fish physiology. However, stronger evidence is needed to confirm that the use of PAA is welfare-friendly to fish. Besides habituation, other hypothetical factors such as desensitization, physiological exhaustion or PAA-mediated endocrine disruption could potentially explain the reduction in the corticosteroid response after repeated/prolonged PAA exposure. In this study, rainbow trout that had been exposed to PAA for several weeks were challenged with a secondary chasing stressor: fish were pursued with a dipnet for 1 min and their acute response was evaluated by measuring plasma cortisol, plasma glucose, plasma lactate and brain serotonergic activity. All fish were equally able to mount a normal physiological stress response to the secondary stressor independent of previous exposure to PAA. This suggests that the decrease in the cortisol response after repeated exposure to PAA, as seen in previous studies, is a true habituation to PAA administration, which supports the use of PAA as a welfare-friendly antimicrobial agent in aquaculture.
Individuals who have acquired brain injury (ABI) may express themselves through the use of challenging behaviors, such as aggression, withdrawal, disinhibition, and self-destructive behaviors. This article describes the effectiveness of behavior interventions derived from the assessment of behavior in a community-based setting. The premise is that behavior, no matter how difficult, has function, purpose, and meaning for the individual. A therapeutic model of behavior assessment is presented that bases its strength on behavior assessment and well-trained staff. A well-formulated behavior management plan is developed, reinforcing alternative behaviors teaching skills, and reducing unwanted behaviors. Through the use of data collection methods, the treatment team identifies variables related to unwanted behavior and outcomes of consequences as they relate to the behavior. Illustrated through a case study, the behavioral treatment model is defined through behavior identification, initial assessments, treatment approaches, and tracking outcomes.
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