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The literature on the effects of pigmentation on radiant energy absorption and temperature in poikilothermic animals is reviewed. Some of the difficulties encountered in studies of this type are described.Mercury-filled shells and live snails of different colours were exposed to sunlight. Darker-pigmented shells were almost always hotter than lighter shells. Large differences in pigmentation (yellow compared with brown, yellow unbanded compared with yellow banded) led to more pronounced differences in temperatures than did small differences in pigmentation (yellow compared with pink, pink compared with brown).

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This study reports the occurrence of eight bisphenols (BPs): bisphenol AF (BPAF), bisphenol AP (BPAP), bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol C (BPC), bisphenol E (BPE), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol Z (BPZ) in wastewaters (WWs). Sample preparation involved pre-concentration with SPE cartridges (Oasis HLB), followed by derivatization using N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide with 1% tert-butyldimethylchlorosilane. Chemical analysis was based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A validated method with limits of detection (LODs) at ngL range was applied to WWs collected at five Slovene wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and WW inflows from industrial, commercial and residential sources entering the sewerage systems of two catchments (Domžale-Kamnik (DK) and Ljubljana (LJ)). The presence of all BPs was confirmed in three inflows in DK and two inflows in the LJ catchments. High cumulative concentrations of all BPs were determined in WW from food processing facilities (LJ: 3030ngL and DK: 599ngL). A high detection frequency was observed in the WW from two textile cleaning companies (6 BPs for LJ and 8 BPs for DK). The analysis of WW from WWTPs revealed that only BPF (36.7ngL) and BPS (40.6ngL) were >LODs in the influents, whereas other BPs were detected also in the effluents. BPZ was found in the highest concentration (403ngL at WWTP-DK). WW collected at this WWTP also contained the highest amount of BPE (238ngL). Although BPs removal could not be directly compared between the WWTPs, with the exception of BPAP and BPB in the case of two smaller WWTPs (6.39%-43.2%) bisphenols were in general highly removed (≥96.2%). Finally, levels of BPC>LOD are reported for first time (WWTP in the DK catchment: 1.01ngL-11.8ngL; LJ inflow from food processing plant up to 2560ngL).

Highlights:1. Bisphenols E and B were detected > LOQ in European SW for the first time.2. Bisphenols AP, CL2, P and Z were detected > LOQ in European WW for the first time.3. Correlation between CEC mass loads in Sava River and corresponding WWs was observed. 4. Overall CEC contamination downstream the Sava River was confirmed.5. All SWs with detected HM-BP, IB or Be-PB posed at least a medium environmental risk.*Highlights (for review : 3 to 5 bullet points (maximum 85 characters including spaces per bullet point)

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