In this multicenter study, 621 sets of blood culture specimens were drawn from 280 patients who were suspected of being septic and who were receiving antimicrobial therapy. Equal volumes of each specimen were inoculated into BACTEC 6B and 16B media. The 16B medium contained adsorbent and cationic resins for neutralizing the effects of the drugs. Of the 621 sets drawn, there were 72 positive cultures in 16B and 52 positive cultures in 6B. In 23 cases the organism was detected only in the 16B medium, and in 3 cases the organism was detected in 6B only. The remaining 49 positives were detected in both culture bottles. In 13 of these 49 cultures, detection in 16B was made between 1 and 5 days earlier than in 6B, whereas 3 of 49 specimens were detected 1 day earlier in 6B; the remaining 33 cultures became positive at approximately the same time in both media. There were a total of 43 patients with positive cultures in this study. Of these patients, 28 had sepsis detected in both the 16B and 6B media. The 6B medium alone detected an additional three cases of sepsis, and the 16B resin medium alone identified 12 additional cases. Supplementary culturing of samples from patients receiving antimicrobial therapy significantly increased the number of positive cultures and positive patients, as well as significantly shortening the time to positivity in these cultures.
A 4-week-old female was hospitalized because of vomiting, irritability, and nuchal rigidity. A spinal fluid culture yielded Corynebacterium aquaticum. The diagnosis of C. aquaticum meningitis in this infant was supported by the following cerebrospinal fluid findings: Gram stain, elevated protein, hypoglycorrhachia, positive C-reactive protein, and polymorphonuclear leukocytosis. Antigen studies for common bacterial causes of meningitis were negative. C. aquaticum is a rare cause of human disease and may be initially confused with Listeria monocytogenes, which is a more common gram-positive, motile rod associated with meningitis in
SUMMARYAn enveloped, ether-sensitive, acid-labile virus isolated from Lepomis macrochirus, the bluegill, is described. Virus replication is limited to teleostean cell lines and achieves highest titres in centrarchid cells. As determined by the uptake of tritiated nucleotides and the effect of 6-azauridine and actinomycin D on replication, the virus genome is RNA. The virus has no haemagglutinin or neuraminidase nor does it share antigens with prototypes of orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses or arenaviruses. Thin-section electron microscopy reveals a virion 8o to Ioo nm in diam. associated with the cell surface and intracellular vacuoles. The virus appears to mature by budding and exhibits a prolonged replication cycle and significant cellassociated infectivity. The time sequence of replication indicates that the prolonged cycle is due to maturation rather than to delayed synthesis of RNA and protein.The bluegill virus (BGV) represents a novel, hitherto undescribed, type of teleostean virus. I N T R O D U C T I O NIn I969 a virus and a chlamydial-like agent were isolated in association with epitheliocystis in the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) (Hoffman et al. I969). The unique cytopathic effect of the virus and its resistance to antibiotics distinguished it from the chlamydial agent. Preliminary electron microscopy revealed a virus morphologically distinguishable from any known teleostean virus. Serial passage was accomplished in BF-2 cells derived from L. macrochirus. It seemed desirable to confirm the agent as a teleostean virus, to determine its biophysical characterization and to relate it to known virus families. METHODS Virus and cells.The original isolate of the bluegill virus (BGV) was provided by K. Wolf of the National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Kearneysvilte, W. Va. BGV was propagated in BF-2 cells between passages 39 and 5o. The cells were grown at 24 °C in Eagle's minimal essential medium with iO°/o foetal calf serum (MEM-Io). Cells used in the susceptibility testing (Table t) were cultivated at the temperature and in the medium recommended by the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) or the cell line's originator.Replication curve. The replication curve was determined by assaying virus liberated from confluent monolayers of BF-2 cells infected with BGV at a multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.) equal to ten. The virus inoculum was allowed to adsorb for I h after which it was decanted and the cell sheet washed three times with Hanks' basic salt solution (HBSS). The cells
A latex agglutination test for determination of antibody against cytomegalovirus was compared with five other methods: a solid-phase fluorescent immunoassay, an indirect hemagglutination test, two solid-phase enzyme immunoassays, and an indirect fluorescent-antibody method, with sera collected from 210 random blood donors. Of the sera tested, 28% were positive for anti-cytomegalovirus by concordance of four or more methods. The latex agglutination test performed well, with a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 99%, and positive and negative predictive values of 97 and 100%, respectively. The methods were also evaluated for the number of sera requiring repeat testing, equivocal results after retesting, ease of performance, turnaround time, and technical demands. The tests which best met the requirements for a screening test were the solid-phase fluorescent immunoassay, the indirect hemagglutination test, and the latex agglutination test. The latex agglutination test is a valuable screening tool for detecting total anti-cytomegalovirus which has high sensitivity, high negative predictive value, and rare equivocal results and also has the added advantages of ease of performance and rapid turnaround time.
A total of 449 clinical specimens and 199 culture fluids were tested using the Virogen Herpes Slide Test (Wampole Laboratories, Div. Carter-Wallace, Inc., Cranbury, N.J.), a rapid latex agglutination procedure. The results were compared with those obtained with isolation of herpes simplex virus in cell culture followed by identification using immunoperoxidase or fluorescent reagents. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the direct test were 49.7, 93.4, 96.0, and 37.1%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the latex agglutination test for culture confirmation were 75.9 and 100%, respectively.
Development of resistance during therapy with cefamandole contributes to treatment failure. A simple cefoxitin disk test was recently described which detects a cefamandole-active inducible beta-lactamase not otherwise detectable with cefamandole as the inducer. A case of breakthrough Enterobacter bacteremia due to selection of a resistant subpopulation is reported in an immunocompromised patient. The use of this simple disk test in selected clinical cases is advocated.
Two studies were designed to test the effects of stunning method and time interval between stunning and exsanguination on blood splashing in pork muscle. In study I, 82 market weight barrows and gilts were assigned randomly to one of two treatments using captive bolt (CB) stunning with either a short (S; 18.5 + 11.1 s) or a delayed (D; 144.7 +-36.8 s) time interval to exsanguination. More (P<.05) blood splashing occurred in the ham, loin and shoulder of the D group than in the S group. In study II, 48 barrows and gilts were assigned randomly to one of four treatment combinations using either CB or electric (E) stunning with time intervals of either S (8.7-+ 3.5 s) or D (96.0 + 19.1 s) before exsanguination. The CB groups had longer kicking times and softer, lighter colored gluteus medius muscles (P<.05) than did the E groups. Sex or side of carcass did not affect (P>.05) blood splashing. Carcasses in the CB-D group had more (P<.05) blood splashing in the diaphragm, fresh ham face and cured ham than in those muscles from tile other treatment groups. Blood splashing in the diaphragm, ham face and cured ham were similar (P>.05) for the CB-S, E-S and E-D groups. The gluteus medius muscle of pigs in the CB-D group had more (P<.05) blood splashing than did the other muscles from pigs in this group. Blood splashing in the diaphragm was correlated with blood splashing in the ham face (.69), cured ham (.69), gluteus medius (.71), gluteus accessorius (.48) and obturatorius internus (.54).
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