We assessed the possible association between an aggressive intercondylar notchplasty and histopathologic, radiographic, and gait changes to the knee. Three groups of six adult greyhounds were observed for 6 months. Group I dogs had a sham operation. Group II dogs had a 4-mm notchplasty of the lateral femoral condyle where it articulates with the lateral tibial spine. Group III dogs had a 7- to 8-mm notchplasty of the lateral femoral condyle to simulate the long-term effects of an overly aggressive notchplasty. Force plate gait analyses were not significantly different for any dogs at 3 and 6 months. Histopathologic studies (hematoxylin and eosin and safranin O stains) revealed notchplasty area remodeling with a thin layer of lamellar bone covered by fibrous connective tissue. Both Group II and III dogs had significant loss of lateral femoral condyle and trochlear groove articular surface proteoglycans. The radiographic notch width index remained unchanged throughout the study for Group I; the indexes increased immediately after surgery in Groups II and III because of the notchplasty, but after 6 months these values returned to near-preoperative measurements. An aggressive intercondylar notchplasty caused articular cartilage histopathologic changes at 6 months consistent with those found in knees with early degenerative arthritis. Significant refilling of a non-impinged notchplasty occurred by 6 months after surgery. Our results raise concern about the effects of aggressive intercondylar notch widening in humans.
Accurate and Reproducible Target Navigation. Introduction: The Stereotaxis Niobe MagneticNavigation System (MNS, Stereotaxis, Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA) allows for remote-control navigation of magnetically enabled catheters and guidewires for clinical ablation and electrophysiology (EP) device placement using two permanent magnets located on opposite sides of the patient table. Our objective was to provide a clinical framework for expected navigational accuracy during a case by calibrating the system's reproducibility using a realistic heart phantom under various conditions. Methods and Results: We performed two sets of experiments to demonstrate the accuracy of magnetic catheters using the MNS. The first experiment calibrated deviations in the deflection of an EP catheter by the magnetic system from the expected angles using proprietary algorithms based on predicted geometry. We found that the magnetic fields produced catheter angulation movements within a mean of 4 • of biophysical predictions. The second experiment used the MNS to navigate these catheters to previously labeled target positions within a phantom heart model and estimated the actual displacement from desired target positions. We found that the accuracy for reaching the desired targets was 100%.Conclusions: Remote navigation of magnetically enabled EP catheters using the MNS accurately and reproducibly navigates to target sites in a heart phantom. This may enable more complex, successful, and time-efficient procedures in the cardiac catheterization laboratory
Bryce W Gaunt, P7; SCS, CSCS1David 7: Curd, MS2Study Design: Prospective cohort study using a random selection from an accessible population. Objectives: We examined anthropometric and demographic characteristics affecting distance hopped (DH) and limb symmetry index (LSI) in the crossover hop-for-distance test in uninjured high school athletes. Background: Between-subject comparisons of hop test results described by DH and LSI are common in the literature and clinical practice. The effect that anthropometric traits and demographic characteristics have on these measures is uncertain but must be known to correctly interpret hop-for-distance test results in research or to determine suitability of return to sports. Methods and Measures: For 201 high school athletes (age = 15.15 2 1.45 years, mean weight = 63.67 2 14.02 kg, mean height = 167.92 2 9.58 cm) completing the crossover hop-for-distance test, we recorded maximum DH for each leg and calculated the LSI of each subject. We performed 2 separate step-wise regression analysis models to develop predictive equations for DH and LSI. Results: Age (r = 0.36), weight (r = 0.41 ), and body fat percentage (r = 0.58) were significant predictors of DH, with the regression model explaining 59% of the variability. None of the measured variables were significant predictors of LSI (+ = 0.03). The regression model explained only 3% of the variability of LSI. Conclusions: The LSI for the crossover hop-for-distance test can be compared among all individuals without subdividing into groups. Subject characteristics should be as unctional tests are common assessments used by sports medicine clinicians and physical therapists.' Bandf defined functional testing as "the performance of 1 maximal effort of a functional activity or series of activities, in an attempt to indirectly assess muscle strength and power, and attempt to quantify function." He further stated that purposes of functional testing include "screening to determine asymmetry in the extremities that may predispose someone to injury, objective assessment of progress in a rehabilitation program, and an assessment of the ability of the extremity to tolerate external force^."^ From this definition, we infer that the information clinicians intend to gather and use for clinical decision making is either 1) characteristics inherent in the performance of the functional test (ie, muscular strength, power, proprioception) or 2) information resulting from an injury (ie, pain, decreased confidence in limb). Often, the effect that anthropometric (ie, weight), demographic (ie, age), or methodological issues can have on the results of functional tests is not Unrestricted between-subjects comparisons of DH and LSI results are commonly found in the literatUre2.4.5.9.10.13.14.19.24.26~5454~7-40 and in clinical practice when a "passing criteria" is necessary before discharge or return to sport. If DH or LSI is affected by anthropometric, demographic, or methodologic variables, then the current unrestricted use of DH and LSI comparisons be...
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