CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The initial method for evaluating the presence of pleural effusion was chest radiography. Isolated studies have shown that sonography has greater accuracy than radiography for this diagnosis; however, no systematic reviews on this matter are available in the literature. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of sonography in detecting pleural effusion, by means of a systematic review of the literature. DESIGN AND SETTING:This was a systematic review with meta-analysis on accuracy studies. This study was conducted in the Department of Diagnostic METHOD:The following databases were searched: Cochrane Library, Medline, Web of Science, Embase and Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs). The references of relevant studies were also screened for additional citations of interest. Studies in which the accuracy of sonography for detecting pleural effusion was tested, with an acceptable reference standard (computed tomography or thoracic drainage), were included.RESULTS: Four studies were included. All of them showed that sonography had high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for detecting pleural effusions. The mean sensitivity was 93% (95% confidence interval, CI: 89% to 96%), and specificity was 96% (95% CI: 95% to 98%). CONCLUSIONS:In different populations and clinical settings, sonography showed consistently high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for detecting fluid in the pleural space.RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVOS: O método inicial para a avaliação da presença dos derrames pleurais foi a radiografia de tórax. Estudos isolados demonstraram que a ultrassonografia apresenta uma acurácia maior que a radiografia para este diagnóstico, entretanto, não se encontram disponíveis na literatura revisões sistemáticas sobre este tema. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a acurácia da ultrassonografia na detecção de derrame pleural, por meio de revisão sistemática da literatura. Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs). As referências de estudos relevantes foram verificadas para adicionais citações de interesse. Foram incluídos estudos nos quais a acurácia da ultrassonografia para a detecção de derrame pleural tenha sido testada, com padrão referência aceitável (tomografia computadorizada ou drenagem torácica). TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: RESULTADOS:Foram incluídos quatro estudos. Todos apresentaram alta sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia para a detecção de derrame pleural pela ultrassonografia. A sensibilidade média foi de 93% (intervalo de confiança, IC 95%: 89% a 96%), e a especificidade 96% (IC 95%: 95% a 98%). CONCLUSÕES:A ultrassonografia, em diferentes populações e cenários clínicos, apresentou consistentemente alta sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia na detecção de líquido no espaço pleural.

Objective. The purpose of this systematic review was to obtain summary estimates of the diagnostic accuracy of color Doppler ultrasonography (CDU) in predicting malignancy in thyroid follicular neoplasms (FNs). Methods. We searched Medical Subject Headings together with the search terms "follicular," "thyroid," and "Doppler" in the MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Excerpta Medica databases as well as the Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature database, after which we performed manual searches of the reference lists to locate additional studies. There were no language restrictions. We included studies that assessed the diagnostic accuracy of CDU in identifying malignancy in thyroid FNs. The assessments of the quality and extraction of data were performed by 3 independent reviewers. Results. We included 4 studies, which collectively evaluated 457 thyroid FNs, 67 of which had been classified as malignant based on the evaluation of surgical biopsy samples. Moderate, rich, predominant, or exclusive internal flow on CDU of thyroid FNs was considered indicative of malignancy. The overall sensitivity of CDU was 85% (95% confidence interval [CI], 74%-93%), with an overall specificity of 86% (95% CI, 82%-89%). The overall prevalence was 14.7%, and the positive and negative predictive values were 51% and 97%, respectively. The positive likelihood ratio was 6.07, and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.18. Conclusions. Predominant internal flow seen on CDU is associated with malignancy of thyroid FNs. Absence of internal flow or predominantly peripheral flow indicates a low probability of thyroid FN malignancy. Key words: color Doppler ultrasonography; fine-needle biopsy; follicular neoplasm. Medicine, Brazilian Cochrane Center, São Paulo, Brazil (W.I., J.C.C., R.A., A.N.A., O.V.) However, in studies using ultrasonography, the prevalence has been reported to be as high as 67%. 2 In autopsy findings, the prevalence of thyroid nodules is 50%. The most common thyroid malignant nodules are follicular epithelial cell-derived carcinomas: papillary carcinoma (75%-80%) or follicular carcinoma (10%-20%). These tumors are slow growing and, if treated, have a good prognosis. [4][5][6][7] Received July 14, 2009, from the Department of Internal

BackgroundAtaxia telangiectasia (A-T) is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes and the risk for development of cardiovascular disease was recently associated as an extended phenotype of the disease. We aimed to assess IR; liver involvement; carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and metabolic alterations associated to cardiovascular risk in A-T patients, and relate them with age.ResultsGlucose metabolism alterations were found in 54.6% of the patients. Hepatic steatosis was diagnosed in 11/17 (64.7%) A-T patients. AST/ALT ratio > 1 was observed in 10/17 (58.8%). A strong positive correlation was observed between insulin sum concentrations with ALT (r = 0.782, p < 0.004) and age (r = 0.818, p = 0.002). Dyslipidemia was observed in 55.5% of the patients. The apolipoprotein (Apo-B)/ApoA-I ratio (r = 0.619; p < 0.01), LDL/HDL-c (r = 0.490; p < 0.05) and the Apo-B levels (r = 0.545; p < 0.05) were positively correlated to cIMT.ConclusionsMetabolic disorders implicated in cardiovascular and liver diseases are frequently observed in adolescent A-T patients and those tend to get worse as they become older. Therefore, nutritional intervention and the use of drugs may be necessary.

OBJETIVO: Estudar o perfil dos pacientes submetidos a biópsia prostática, determinando possíveis padrões que, associados aos níveis de PSA entre 2,6 e 10,0 ng/ml, possam levar a uma diminuição de biópsias desnecessárias. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: De 2007 a 2009, foi realizado um estudo transversal com 1.282 indivíduos submetidos a biópsia prostática e que apresentavam níveis de PSA entre 2,6 e 10,0 ng/ml. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de câncer foi de 28,6%. Pacientes com câncer eram, em média, mais idosos, com valores de PSA e densidade de PSA mais altos e menor volume da próstata. Na análise da densidade de PSA, os pacientes com câncer tiveram média de 0,31 ng/ml/cc, enquanto nos pacientes com resultado negativo a média foi de 0,10 ng/ml/cc. Utilizando como critério de positividade para câncer o ponto de corte de densidade de PSA de 0,15 ng/ml/cc, obtivemos especificidade de 74% e sensibilidade de 70%. Para aumentar a sensibilidade é preciso reduzir o ponto de corte. Com o valor 0,09 ng/ml/cc, obtivemos sensibilidade de 84% (IC 95%: 80-87%) e especificidade de 75% (IC 95%: 72-78%). CONCLUSÃO: O uso sistemático da densidade de PSA na indicação de prosseguimento da investigação do paciente com biópsia poderia reduzir a quantidade de procedimentos desnecessários.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Mammography is the best method for breast-cancer screening and is capable of reducing mortality rates. Studies that have assessed the clinical impact of mammography have been carried out using film mammography. Digital mammography has been proposed as a substitute for film mammography given the benefits inherent to digital technology. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of digital and film mammography. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHOD: The Medline, Scopus, Embase and Lilacs databases were searched looking for paired studies, cohorts and randomized controlled trials published up to 2009 that compared the performance of digital and film mammography, with regard to cancer detection, recall rates and tumor characteristics. The reference lists of included studies were checked for any relevant citations. RESULTS: A total of 11 studies involving 190,322 digital and 638,348 film mammography images were included. The cancer detection rates were significantly higher for digital mammography than for film mammography (risk relative, RR = 1.17; 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.06-1.29; I² = 19%). The advantage of digital mammography seemed greatest among patients between 50 and 60 years of age. There were no significant differences between the two methods regarding patient recall rates or the characteristics of the tumors detected. CONCLUSION: The cancer detection rates using digital mammography are slightly higher than the rates using film mammography. There are no significant differences in recall rates between film and digital mammography. The characteristics of the tumors are similar in patients undergoing the two methods.

Objective: To evaluate the necessity of the non contrast-enhanced phase in abdominal computed tomography scans. Materials and Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional, observational study was developed, evaluating 244 consecutive abdominal computed tomography scans both with and without contrast injection. Initially, the contrast-enhanced images were analyzed (first analysis). Subsequently, the observers had access to the non-contrast-enhanced images for a second analysis. The primary and secondary diagnoses were established as a function of the clinical indications for each study (such as tumor staging, acute abdomen, investigation for abdominal collection and hepatocellular carcinoma, among others). Finally, the changes in the diagnoses resulting from the addition of the non-contrast-enhanced phase were evaluated. Results: Only one (0.4%; p > 0.999; non-statistically significant) out of the 244 reviewed cases had the diagnosis changed after the reading of non-contrast-enhanced images. As the secondary diagnoses are considered, 35 (14%) cases presented changes after the second analysis, as follows: nephrolithiasis (10%), steatosis (3%), adrenal nodule (0.7%) and cholelithiasis (0.3%). Conclusion: For the clinical indications of tumor staging, acute abdomen, investigation of abdominal collections and hepatocellular carcinoma, the non-contrast-enhanced phase can be excluded from abdominal computed tomography studies with no significant impact on the diagnosis. Keywords: Computed tomography; Ionizing radiation; Abdomen; Contrast media.Objetivo: Avaliar a necessidade da fase sem contraste nos exames de tomografia computadorizada de abdome. Materiais e Métodos: Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo, transversal e observacional, no qual foram avaliados 244 exames consecutivos de tomografia computadorizada de abdome realizados sem e com a injeção do meio de contraste. Procurou-se estabelecer, mediante análise das fases com o uso do meio de contraste (primeira análise), e posteriormente com o acréscimo da avaliação da fase sem meio de contraste (segunda análise), o diagnóstico principal e os secundá-rios em função da indicação clínica do exame (estadiamento tumoral, abdome agudo, pesquisa de coleção abdominal e hepatocarcinoma, entre outros). Foram medidas as mudanças nos diagnósticos principais e secundários, decorrentes do acréscimo da fase sem meio de contraste. Resultados: Dos 244 casos avaliados, apenas um (0,4%; p > 0,999; não significante) teve o seu diagnóstico modificado após a leitura da fase sem meio de contraste. Com relação aos diagnósticos secundários, 35 exames (14%) foram modificados após a segunda análise, sendo: nefrolitíase (10%), esteatose (3%), nódulo de adrenal (0,7%) e colelitíase (0,3%). Conclusão: Para as indicações clínicas de estadiamento tumoral, abdome agudo, pesquisa de coleção abdominal e carcinoma hepatocelular, a supressão da fase sem meio de contraste não apresentou impacto diagnóstico expressivo. Unitermos: Tomografia computadorizada; Radiação ionizante; Abdome; Meio de contraste.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Positron emission tomography with [18]F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG-PET/CT) has been advocated as the method of choice for lymphoma staging, since it enables whole-body analysis with high sensitivity for detection of affected areas and because it combines capacities for anatomical and functional assessment. With technological advances, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as an alternative to FDG-PET/CT. This systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to compare whole-body diffusion-weighted MRI (WB-MRI) with FDG-PET/CT for lymphoma staging. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review on diagnostic test accuracy studies conducted at a public university. METHODS: The Medline, Scopus, Embase and Lilacs databases were searched for studies published up to September 2013 that compared WB-MRI and FDG-PET/CT for lymphoma staging. The reference lists of included studies were checked for any relevant additional citations. RESULTS: Six studies that evaluated the initial lymphoma staging in 116 patients were included. WB-MRI and FDG-PET/CT agreed in 90.5% of the cases (κ = 0.871; P < 0.0001). In most of the studies, when there was disagreement between the methods, WB-MRI overstaged in relation to FDG-PET/CT. The sensitivity of WB-MRI and FDG-PET/CT, in comparison with the clinical-radiological standard, ranged from 59 to 100% and from 63 to 100% respectively. CONCLUSION: WB-MRI is a highly sensitive method for initial lymphoma staging. It has excellent agreement with FDG-PET/CT and is a great alternative for managing lymphoma patients, without using ionizing radiation or an intravenous contrast agent.

Background The prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients can be influenced by genetic mutations and nutritional status. The relationship between these variables is unclear. The objective of the study was to verify the variables involved in the nutritional status and genetic mutations, which correlate with survival of CRC patients. Methods Patients with surgical intervention for tumor resection were evaluated using body mass index, nutritional screening, patient self-produced global subjective assessment, phase angle, and computed tomography to calculate the areas of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue, and muscle mass for the determination of sarcopenia. Ten gene mutations involved in CRC carcinogenesis were studied ( PIK3CA, KRAS, BRAF, EGFR, NRAS, TP53, APC, PTEN, SMAD4 , and FBXW7 ). DNA was extracted from fresh tumor or paraffin tissues. Results Of the 46 patients, 29 (64.4%) were at nutritional risk and 21 (45.7%) were moderately malnourished. However, there was a high percentage of VAT in 24 (61.5%) and sarcopenia in 19 (48.7%) patients. These variables were associated with a higher risk of mortality. Nutritional risk, moderate or severe malnutrition, phase angle < 5°, VAT < 163.8 cm 2 in men and <  80.1 cm 2 in women, and sarcopenia were associated with the relative risk of death, with respective hazard ratios/odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of 8.77 (1.14–67.1), 3.95 (1.11–14.0), 3.79 (1.10–13.1), 3.43 (1.03–11.4), and 3.95 (1.06–14.6). Increased VAT was associated with a lower risk of death, even in patients older than 60 years or those harboring mutated KRAS . Conclusions Patients with positive indicators for malnutrition or risk of malnutrition had an increased risk of death. No relationship was identified between the presence of mutations and survival.