RESUMENAunque es un yacimiento recurrentemente mencionado en la bibliografía especializada, hasta hace pocos años el Castellet de Banyoles sólo era realmente conocido por los hallazgos monetarios y de elementos suntuarios de carácter ritual, a parte de las torres pentagonales de tipo helenístico que flanquean su puerta. Los trabajos realizados desde 1998 han permitido precisar la datación del primer asentamiento entre el último tercio del siglo III a.C. y principios del II a.C., y han mostrado la existencia en ese momento de una muralla de compartimentos de tipo púnico. También han traído a luz un extenso sector de hábitat -que probablemente corresponde a un grupo gentilicio-, con casas de distintos tipos y tamaños, y un posible santuario. Con una superficie de 4,5 ha, se trata de una pequeña ciudad que agrupaba toda la población de la hoya de Móra, siguiendo un modelo mononuclear inédito en el mundo ibérico septentrional, y que tal vez se explique por razones estratégicas en un contexto histórico convulso a causa de la expansión bárquida y la segunda guerra púnica.
Cognitive assessment is a common and daily process in educational, clinical, or research settings, among others. Currently, most professionals use classic pencil-and-paper screenings, tests, and assessment batteries. However, as the SARS-CoV-2 health crisis has shown, the pencil-and-paper format is becoming increasingly outdated and it is necessary to transition to new technologies, using computerized cognitive assessments (CCA). This article discusses the advantages, disadvantages, and implications of this necessary transition that professionals should face in the immediate future, and encourages careful adoption of this change to ensure a smooth transition.
Archaeological research conducted in the NE part of the Iberian peninsula points to a period of generalized crisis around 200 B.C., when many settlements appear to have been destroyed and hurriedly abandoned. Traditionally, this phenomenon has been linked to two phases of military activity in the peninsula described in the classical sources: the Second Punic War (218-206 B.C.), and, slightly later, the repression of indigenous revolts, the best-known example of which was led by the consul Cato in 195 B.C. The difficulty lies in the chronological proximity of these two phases, separated by barely a decade. As a result, from the archaeological evidence it is extremely difficult to attribute recorded destruction to one or the other phase.Castellet de Banyoles was an Iberian settlement of the Ilercavones tribe, situated on a large triangular platform looking out over a depression created by the river Ebro. Through its excellent strategic position it controlled the watercourse, the ford across the river, and the communication route linking the interior of the peninsula with the coast and thus with Tarraco, capital of the new province of Hispania Citerior from 197 B.C. (fig. 1). Occupying an area of 4.2 ha, it was the largest inhabited site on the lower Ebro during the Iberian period. Its complex defensive system was formed by a narrow isthmus protected by two pentagonal towers (unparalleled in the peninsula) and a casemate wall. Iberian drachmae, imitating types from the Greek city of Emporion, were probably minted here. Luxury goods of gold and silver have also been found, pieces of lead bearing the Iberian script, and significant traces of metallurgical activity. The settlement had a complex, developed urban structure, with streets up to 10 m wide, covered drains, houses, and buildings of various sizes for public or display purposes. Thus it had the hallmarks of a town: unusual size, concentrated population, defenses, administration, coinage, housing, urban structures, and luxury items pointing to a high degree of social differentiation. 1 Since 1998, the settlement has been excavated by the Research Group for Classical, Protohistoric and Egyptian Archaeology (GRACPE) at the University of Barcelona. 2 Between 2007 and 2009, the same team conducted a systematic exploration of 11 ha lying next to the path leading to the entrance to the town (fig. 2). The results of these two projects, together with study of the (mostly unpublished) written and archaeological materials from the campaigns of the first half of the 20th c., have allowed us to document the destruction of Castellet de Banyoles, clarify its chronology, and tentatively identify its assailants as the Roman legions. 1 D. Asensio, M. T. Miró and J. Sanmartí, "Darreres intervencions arqueològiques al Castellet de Banyoles (Tivissa, Ribera d'Ebre): una ciutat ibèrica en el segle III aC," in Món Ibèric al països Catalans. XIII Col·loqui Int. d'Arqueologia de Puigcerdà (Puigcerdà 2005) vol. I, 615-27. 2 Funded by grant 2007ACOM 00030 from the AGAUR (Agència d'4 J.-M...
Si l'on ne connaît pas encore les limites de l'agglomération antique de Lattara dans sa plus grande extension, les fouilles récentes ont permis de circonscrire à peu près complètement l'enceinte protohistorique qui entoure le coeur ancien de la cité. Un premier rempart à parements multiples est construit à la fin du vi e s. av. J.-C., époque où des Étrusques résident à Lattes : cet ouvrage est muni d'une tour d'angle monumentale à cheval sur la courtine et d'une porte donnant sur l'étang, renforcée par un bastion quadrangulaire. Une autre porte existe sans doute déjà sur la façade nord. Partout, les fouilles ont montré la présence de l'eau (étang et bras du fleuve) au pied même de la muraille. Après la destruction violente des bâtiments étrusques, vers 475 av. J.-C., a lieu une réparation apparemment localisée de la courtine méridionale. Quelques années plus tard, vers 450, le rempart est entièrement reconstruit. L'ouvrage bâti à l'aplomb du précédent, à mur simple, restera en usage jusqu'au ii e s. av. J.-C. Sur la façade méridionale, il sera successivement renforcé par un glacis de terre et un premier avant-mur (milieu du iv e s. av. J.-C.), par une série de tours carrées accolées à son parement extérieur (début du iii e s. av. J.-C.), puis par un second avant-mur se surimposant au précédent (fin du ii e s. av. J.-C.). À partir du i er s. av. J.-C. et durant le Haut-Empire, la fortification protohistorique est en partie démantelée, en partie reprise dans un système de terrasses, tandis que certains tronçons sont préservés comme appui pour des bâtiments utilitaires extra muros : dès lors, le monument a perdu à la fois son rôle défensif et sa signification symbolique.
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