Stevens - Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis are adverse hypersensitivity reactions that affect the skin and mucous membranes. They are characterised by erythematous macules and hemorrhagic erosions of the mucous membranes. Epidermal detachments of varying degrees of severity also occur in these conditions. Various aetiologies are associated with these conditions, with adverse drug reaction being the most common. Though the worldwide incidence of these conditions is recorded as low, diverse types of medication are being observed to lead to these conditions. This review compiles information on the details of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, the pathophysiology, therapeutic management, and largely considers the drug-induced etiologies associated with these conditions.
In this work, we determined whether oxidative stress contributed to the activation of the kynurenine pathway by AgNPs. Male Wistar rats weighing between 130 and 146 g were randomly assigned into six groups. Animals in the negative control group were orally administered distilled water while, the other treatment groups were respectively given AgNPs (25 and 50 mg/kg bw) alone or in combination with Trolox (100 mg/kg bw). Results showed that treatments with AgNPs significantly raised protein carbonyl level in rat liver, but the co-treatment with Trolox attenuated the elevation. Conversely, AgNPs raised the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) in rat plasma and tissues compared to the negative control. Further, oral exposure to AgNPs (50 mg/kg bw) significantly elevated rat plasma and brain kynurenine levels compared to the negative control. Meantime, the cotreatment with Trolox appreciably restored kynurenine level in rat plasma, but not in the rat brain. Taken together, findings indicate that the oral administration of AgNPs alone at the doses used in this study, might not have caused oxidative stress. However, the co-treatment with Trolox appears to potentiate oxidative stress in rats following exposure to AgNPs. Furthermore, data support that the activation of the kynurenine pathway in the rat brain by AgNPs might be independent of oxidative stress. The findings are new and contribute to deepen our understanding of the cellular interaction by nanoparticles.
BACKGROUND: Dysmenorrhea occurs as one of the symptoms of menstruation. While not necessarily a condition that plagues every woman, it is known to cause significant distress. Absenteeism from school and work as well as general discomfort are some of its adverse effects.
AIM: This study aims to investigate the effects of certain diets on the prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhea.
METHODS: Questionnaires was given to 478 women ranging from ages 1-55. The survey was centred around the age of menarche, presence and incidence of dysmenorrhea as well as how it is related to certain diets.
RESULTS: Majority of the participants (81.74%) belonged to the age groups of 11-15 and 16-20. 45.5% of the participants attested to dysmenorrhea at each menstrual cycle. statistical correlation between diet and dysmenorrhea was insignificant (p > 0.05). Consumption of caffeinated beverages correlated with dysmenorrhea (p < 0.05). Although not statistically significant (p > 0.05), the study reported dysmenorrhea in a large proportion of participants who consumed high quantities of sugars.
CONCLUSION: No relationship was established between diet and the incidence and severity of dysmenorrhea amongst the sample screened in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. However, it appears that diet high in sugars might benefit from further research.
BACKGROUND:Several speculations have linked the size of the fist to be equal to the size of the heart. However, the substantial scientific report still lacks to support this theory.AIM:This study aims to provide the validity of the fist-heart assumption by correlating the palm and heart diameters while benchmarking it as a reference tool for determining the normal heart size.MATERIALS AND METHOD:Volunteers from the public were recruited during a health fair organised by the school. A self-administered questionnaire for necessary information was distributed after the volunteers signed the consent forms. The palm of both hands was measured in duplicates using a flexible ruler. Ultrasound examination was used in measuring the diameter of the heart with the landmark being from the anterior fibrous pericardium to the lowest part of the posterior fibrous pericardium. The level of significance was kept at P < 0.05.RESULTS:A total of 275 people, consisting of 123 males and 152 females participated in the study. The age range was from 15 to 80 years with a mean age of 28.16 ± 16.18. The measurement showed that the size of both palms correlated with the heart diameter, p < 0.05. Other factors such as age and height showed a substantial level of correlation. However, this correlation ceased with older participants. Palm size did not correlate among participants with previously diagnosed prehypertension. However, participants with previously diagnosed hypertension with good medication compliance maintained the correlation.CONCLUSION:This study establishes the correlation between the palm and heart diameters. Since the heart tissue and the upper limb share a similar embryonic origin, being the mesoderm, this study prospects the fact that heart enlargement could be preliminarily identified by measuring the size of the hand.
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