Background: Autogenous Iliac Crest Bone Graft (ICBG) has been the "gold standard" for spinal fusion. However, bone graft harvest may lead to complications, such as chronic pain, numbness, and poor cosmesis. The long-term impact of these complications on patient function and well-being has not been established but is critical in determining the value of expensive bone graft substitutes such as recombinant bone morphogenic protein. We thus aimed to investigate the long-term complications of ICBG. Our second aim was to evaluate the psychometric properties of a new measure of ICBG morbidity that would be useful for appropriately gauging spinal surgery outcomes.

No abstract

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGEPublic reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average i hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Dav,s Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington. VA 22202-4302 Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it do" not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)05 U. ABSTRACT ' ~ It has been accepted as a truth that under a steady wind forcing condition, the wind generated waves travel in the direction of the wind vector. Based on field measurements, the directional beamwidth is narrowest near the spectral peak, and increases toward both higher and lower frequency components. Over the last several decades, such scenario is the basis for the design of the directional distribution function of any spectral model for engineering and scientific applications. We present results from a spectral analysis of 3D topography of random surface waves generated by a quasi-steady wind field. The directional spectra display clear oimodal pattern in the wavenumber region just above the spectral peak. The generation mechanism f the bimodal directional distribution in the short wave region is identified to be nonlinear wave-wave interaction. After presentation or publication, pertinent publication/presentation data will be entered in the publications data base, in accordance with reference (a). , ."_ * , M It is the opinion of the author that the subject paper (is)4JsrBe$©tessified, in accordance with reference (b). This paper does not violate any disclosure of trade secrets or suggestions of outside individuals or concerns which have been communicated to the Laboratory in confidence. This paper (does)=£toe^-r4©t^ontain any military critical technology. This subject paper (has)

Sports medicine is a unique field encompassing many specialties and aspects of medicine. While musculoskeletal medicine is a significant aspect of sports medicine, the breadth of sports medicine extends beyond the musculoskeletal system and includes the spectrum of care for the patient who is or desires to be physically active. This article provides recommendations for sports medicine education in undergraduate medical education. The framework highlighting these recommendations uses domains of competence. Entrustable professional activities, measures that are endorsed by the Association of American Medical Colleges, were matched to domains of competence to provide objective markers of achievement. In addition to recommended sports medicine educational content, there should be consideration of both methods of assessment and implementation catered to each individual institution’s needs and resources. These recommendations may serve as a guide for medical educators and institutions pursing optimization of sports medicine education.