Background: About 30 percent of all road traffic deaths in Tanzania involve pedestrians. As one of the strategies to protect them, pedestrian overhead bridges have been constructed across busy roads, and plans to build more bridges are in place. It has, however, been shown that such pedestrian bridges do not necessarily discourage street-level road crossing, even when pedestrians must cross multiple lanes with heavy traffic. This paper explores the perceptions of pedestrians when crossing urban roads emphasizing pedestrian bridge users. Methods: Nineteen semi-structured interviews were conducted in situ around six pedestrian bridges in Dar es Salaam. All interviews were conducted in Swahili, recorded using digital devices, transcribed verbatim then translated into English. Content analysis was employed using qualitative data analysis software (MAXQDA). Results: We identified three overarching themes, namely, I don’t know if it’s right or wrong, they already decided; the bridge is just a crossing facility, not for other purposes; and follow your gut feeling, even if you don’t know how things will end. The results suggest that many participants prefer to look for alternative means of transport and resorted to more alternative routes just to avoid using pedestrian bridges due to bridges length and crossing time. Conclusion: These findings highlight the concerns caused by alternative uses of pedestrian bridges and underscore the importance of involving local communities and other stakeholders during planning.
This paper presented various international indices and how Tanzania is judged by them. The purpose was to reveal to different stakeholders and policy makers how this country is perceived by outsiders such as foreign donor countries, investors, tourist or international bodies. The methodology involved empirical review of literatures combined with regression analysis to capture the impact of the indices on economic aspects like Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The findings indicated that Tanzania's performance in most of indices is low though improving. The related effects of this level of performance include persistence level of poverty, limited economic growth, reduced inflow of investments and diminishing trust of citizens to their government. The regression analysis indicated that the indices influence FDI both positively (political stability, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and institutional quality) and negatively (control of corruption) in varying degrees. It was recommended that various stakeholders who are decision makers in relation to these indicators such as the government, parliaments, regulatory bodies, NGO's and individuals, take initiative accordingly, in order to reverse the situation where country's scores are low.
Conclusion Specific road traffic environments raise the severity of distracted walking, which further threatens pedestrian safety. Learning Outcomes Specific road environmental risk increases the severity of distracted walking, additionally creating an indirect impact on near-crash event.
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