Mineral carbonation, which involves spontaneous reactions of CO2 with alkaline earth metals such as calcium or magnesium, is considered one of the most attractive options to sequester CO2 because CO2 can be permanently stored in an inert solid forming stable inorganic carbonate. Moreover, the precipitated CaCO3 has various potential applications in industrial areas, including adhesives, sealants, food, pharmaceuticals, paints, coating, paper, cement, construction materials, etc. In particular, it is expected that the total cost of the carbon capture and storage process could be partly offset by producing value-added CaCO3 materials. In order to add value to the precipitated CaCO3 produced in the ex-situ mineral carbonation process, CaCO3’s polymorphs, as well as other properties such as particle size, shape, density, color, and brightness, must be finely tuned. Among CaCO3’s polymorphs, calcite, aragonite, and vaterite, calcite is considered to be the most thermodynamically favorable structure at ambient temperatures. However, kinematic constraints in the crystallization induced by synthetic factors are known to significantly affect the formation of polymorphs as well. Here, we revisited the effects of the synthetic factors such as pH, temperature, feeding order, and concentration and molar ratio of Ca2+ and CO3 2– on the formation of CaCO3’s polymorphs to provide fundamental insight into how to control the polymorphism of CaCO3 with the ultimate goal of creating value-added mineral carbonation products. ATR FT-IR spectroscopy and a powder X-ray diffraction analysis were performed on the precipitated CaCO3 using model chemicals, K2CO3 and CaCl2, and CaCO3’s thermal stability was also investigated.

Porcine skin proteins were hydrolyzed using hydrothermal processing (HTP) and fractionated by membrane ultrafiltration (UF) into peptides with different molecular weights (1-10 kDa). The porcine skin hydrolysates (PSHs) were analyzed for their antioxidant, antiaging, and skin permeation properties. Additionally, the PSHs were incorporated into liposomes with different charges to maintain and/or enhance their beneficial effect. The results showed that both HTP and UF-II (1-3 kDa) had significantly high antioxidant and antiaging effects and good skin permeability. Based on the results for PSH-loaded liposomes, the best carrier for incorporating PSHs was a positively charged liposome that had been prepared using positively charged lipid. PSH loaded with positively charged liposomes (PSH/LIP-P) had the following droplet properties: 71.11 nm, 0.208 PDI (polydispersity index), and 38.37 mV. PSH/LIP-P also had an incorporation efficiency of 70.72%, and the liposomes maintained their physical droplet stability during storage. Practical applicationsThe findings of this study highlighted porcine skin hydrolysates (PSH) produced by hydrothermal processing and membrane ultrafiltration with high antioxidant and antiaging effects and good skin permeability. PSH-loaded liposome capsules maintained a small size and high incorporation efficiency for PSH. The PSHs and PSH-loaded liposomes could be tested further for their in vivo functionality as nutraceutical or cosmeceutical ingredients. Hence, the finding could be useful information for developing potential commercial products in the food, cosmetics, and related industries. K E Y W O R D Santiaging effect, antioxidant effect, charged liposome, incorporation, porcine skin hydrolysate | I NTR OD U CTI ONThe functional food and cosmetic markets have grown rapidly over the last decade and are associated with consumer awareness of their roles in preventing disease and promoting health (Khiari, Ndagijimana, & Betti, 2014). Collagen has been widely used in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and medical applications due to its biological and functional properties (Li, Jia, & Yao, 2009;Zeng, Zahng, Adhikari, & Mujumdar, 2013). It is a fibrous insoluble protein that is mostly found in skin, cartilage, and connective tissues; it constitutes up to 30% of all body proteins and is the most abundant animal protein (Johnston, 1990). Recently, there has been interest in collagen with novel biologi- Each approach has advantages and limitations (McClements, 2014(McClements, , 2015. Liposomes are particularly suitable carriers for peptide delivery because they can encapsulate polar, nonpolar, and amphiphilic acids from protein hydrolysates (Mohan et al., 2016). In addition, liposomes can be easily produced from food grade materials; they can trap and release hydrophilic and hydrophobic ingredients and facilitate targeted actions (Jeon, Yoo, & Park, 2015).Therefore, the objective of this study was to produce porcine skin hydrolysates (PSHs) and investigate their antioxidant activity and phy...

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Commercial infrared (IR) milk analyzers are being increasingly used in research settings for the macronutrient measurement of breast milk (BM) prior to its target fortification. These devices, however, may not provide reliable measurement if not properly calibrated. In the current study, we tested a correction algorithm for a Near-IR milk analyzer (Unity SpectraStar, Brookfield, CT, USA) for fat and protein measurements, and examined the effect of pasteurization on the IR matrix and the stability of fat, protein, and lactose. Measurement values generated through Near-IR analysis were compared against those obtained through chemical reference methods to test the correction algorithm for the Near-IR milk analyzer. Macronutrient levels were compared between unpasteurized and pasteurized milk samples to determine the effect of pasteurization on macronutrient stability. The correction algorithm generated for our device was found to be valid for unpasteurized and pasteurized BM. Pasteurization had no effect on the macronutrient levels and the IR matrix of BM. These results show that fat and protein content can be accurately measured and monitored for unpasteurized and pasteurized BM. Of additional importance is the implication that donated human milk, generally low in protein content, has the potential to be target fortified.

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