A B S T R A C TIn recent years, membrane-based ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) have become popular worldwide as possible alternative methods to conventional ion exchange and clarification processes for the production of potable water. The performance of UF and RO membranes was evaluated for treatment of surface and ground water from Prakasam District of Andhra Pradesh, India; namely, jagarlamudi well water (JWW), jagarlamudi pond water (JPW), veerannapalem old pond water (VOPW), and veerannapalem new pond water (VNPW). Pilot-scale UF and RO systems were built indigenously by incorporating commercial hollow fiber polyacrylonitrile UF and thin film composite polyamide RO modules, respectively. Operating parameters such as feed concentration, pressure, and cross-flow velocity were varied to study their effect on membrane performance. Effect of fouling on flux and rejection characteristics of the membrane was evaluated. RO membrane exhibited a rejection of 96.4% for JWW and VOPW feeds with reasonable flux of 42.5 and 48 L m À2 h À1 , respectively, whereas, UF experiments with JPW and VNPW feeds revealed corresponding turbidity rejections of 95.6 and 98.2%. A mathematical model was developed for commercial RO system to simulate the process for establishing optimum operating conditions. A comparison of UF and RO processes for this application is presented along with useful details of equipment list, process flow diagram of commercial membrane plant, schematic of compact hollow fiber pilot plant, and detailed estimation of operating costs.
The current investigation was carried out to find available fluoride concentration in groundwater in Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh where the major source for drinking is ground water. Around 141 samples are collected from bore wells and hand pumps of selected villages in Kurnool district by using Grid map. The samples were analyzed for selected Physico-chemical parameters. The fluoride ion content was found out in the range of 0.2 to 3.6 mg/l with mean 1.1 mg/l. Human risk assessment was carried out in terms of Hazard quotient. The Average Hazard Quotient observed for children were 1.13, for males were 1.04, and for females it is 0.92. The observed HQ values are above 1 which may prone to risk, particularly for children due to their low body weight. Compared to BIS water quality standards, the remaining parameters are also within the permissible limit except nitrate ion. The elevated nitrate level in groundwater was due to excess utilization of nitrogen based fertilizers.
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