. The role of cell surface heparan sulfate in herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection was investigated using CHO cell mutants defective in various aspects of glycosaminoglycan synthesis . Binding of radiolabeled virus to the cells and infection were assessed in mutant and wild-type cells . Virus bound efficiently to wild-type cells and initiated an abortive infection in which immediate-early or a viral genes were expressed, despite limited production of late viral pro-DENTIFICATION of a particular cell surface molecule as a receptor for a virus, or identification of multiple cell surface molecules as alternative receptors, must be based on evidence satisfying at least two criteria . First, presence of the receptor (or one of multiple receptors) should be prerequisite for binding of virus to a cell and for subsequent infection . Conversely, absence of the putative receptor(s) should prevent specific binding of the virus to the cell and should render the cell resistant to infection . Second, it should be possible to show that the virus actually interacts physically with the cell surface molecule(s) in question . The purpose of this paper is to report genetic evidence that the cell surface glycosaminoglycan (GAG)', heparan sulfate, fulfills these criteria for identification as a receptor for herpes simplex virus (HSV) .HSV is isolated principally from humans under natural conditions although the virus has a broad host range under experimental conditions . A variety of laboratory animals can be infected with the virus and most adherent vertebrate cells grown in culture are susceptible to HSV infection . This implies that the cell surface receptors for HSV are ubiquitous and highly conserved or that different receptors may be used for the infection of different cell types.Two kinds of cell surface molecules have been implicated as receptors for HSV: heparan sulfate moieties of cell surface Darrell wuDunn's present address is

We have shown that cell surface heparan sulfate serves as the initial receptor for both serotypes of herpes simplex virus (HSV). We found that virions could bind to heparin, a related glycosaminoglycan, and that heparin blocked virus adsorption. Agents known to bind to cell surface heparan sulfate blocked viral adsorption and infection. Enzymatic digestion of cell surface heparan sulfate but not of dermatan sulfate or chondroitin sulfate concomitantly reduced the binding of virus to the cells and rendered the cells resistant to infection. Although cell surface heparan sulfate was required for infection by HSV types 1 and 2, the two serotypes may bind to heparan sulfate with different affinities or may recognize different structural features of heparan sulfate. Consistent with their broad host ranges, the two HSV serotypes use as primary receptors ubiquitous cell surface components known to participate in interactions with the extracellular matrix and with other cell surfaces.

The purpose of this study was to identify the herpes simplex virus glycoprotein(s) that mediates the adsorption of virions to cells. Because heparan sulfate moieties of cell surface proteoglycans serve as the receptors for herpes simplex virus adsorption, we tested whether any of the viral glycoproteins could bind to heparin-Sepharose in affinity chromatography experiments. Two glycoproteins, gB and gC, bound to heparin-Sepharose and could be eluted with soluble heparin. In order to determine whether virions devoid of gC or gB were impaired for adsorption, we quantitated the binding of wild-type and mutant virions to cells. We found that at equivalent input concentrations of purified virions, significantly fewer gC-negative virions bound to cells than did wild-type or gB-negative virions. In addition, the gC-negative virions that bound to cells showed a significant delay in penetration compared with wild-type virus. The impairments in adsorption and penetration of the gC-negative virions can account for their reduced PFU/particle ratios, which were found to be about 5 to 10% that of wild-type virions, depending on the host cell. Although gC is dispensable for replication of herpes simplex virus in cell culture, it clearly facilitates virion adsorption and enhances infectivity by about a factor of 10.

The Indiana Bleb Appearance Grading Scale is a simple, reproducible, yet comprehensive system for classifying the morphologic slit lamp appearance of filtration blebs.

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IMPORTANCE Although almost equal numbers of male and female medical students enter into ophthalmology residency programs, whether they have similar surgical experiences during training is unclear.OBJECTIVE To determine differences for cataract surgery and total procedural volume between male and female residents during ophthalmology residency.

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