Total quality in laboratory medicine should be defined as the guarantee that each activity throughout the total testing process is correctly performed, providing valuable medical decision-making and effective patient care. In the past decades, a 10-fold reduction in the analytical error rate has been achieved thanks to improvements in both reliability and standardization of analytical techniques, reagents, and instrumentation. Notable advances in information technology, quality control and quality assurance methods have also assured a valuable contribution for reducing diagnostic errors. Nevertheless, several lines of evidence still suggest that most errors in laboratory diagnostics fall outside the analytical phase, and the pre-and postanalytical steps have been found to be much more vulnerable. This collective paper, which is the logical continuum of the former already published in this journal 2 years ago, provides additional contribution to risk management in the preanalytical phase and is a synopsis of the lectures of the 2nd European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM)-Becton Dickinson (BD) European Conference on Preanalytical Phase meeting entitled " Preanalytical quality improvement: in quality we trust " (Zagreb, Croatia, 1 -2 March 2013). The leading topics that will be discussed include quality indicators for preanalytical phase, phlebotomy practices for collection of blood gas analysis and pediatric samples, lipemia and blood collection tube interferences, preanalytical requirements of urinalysis, molecular biology hemostasis and platelet testing, as well as indications on best practices for safe blood collection. Auditing of the preanalytical phase by ISO assessors and external quality assessment for preanalytical phase are also discussed.

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Bacterial infection is the most common complication in paediatric oncological patients during cancer treatment. A suitable tool for early prediction of unfavourable course of infection is still needed. We performed a prospective longitudinal observational study to evaluate of the role of serum biomarkers (C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, interleukin-6, presepsin) in the early diagnosis of bacteraemia (gram-negative versus gram-positive) in patients with haematological malignancies. We observed 69 febrile episodes in 33 patients (17 male, 16 female; 1.5-18.9 years, mean 7.31 years, median 5 years). Within this sample, there were 22 cases of positive blood cultures, 16 cases of sepsis, 38 cases of fever with no signs or symptoms of sepsis, and two deaths from infectious complications. All markers tested had good negative predictive value (73% -93%). CRP was characterized by good specificity for registration bacteraemia (96%, 95% CI: 85% -99%), but other results were inconclusive. We identified comparably balanced sensitivity (64% -81%) and specificity (61% -88%) for interleukin-6 and procalcitonin, and we proved their quality to predict positive blood culture and clinical signs of sepsis as well. Patients with gram-negative bacteraemia had significantly elevated levels of PCT and IL-6 in comparison with a group of patients with gram-positive bacteraemia (p = 0.04 for PCT and p = 0.005 for IL-6). Presepsin was characterized by poor specificity (27%, 95% CI: 15% -43%) and positive predictive value (24%, 95% CI: 12 -39%) for predicting bacteraemia, and by better sensitivity (84%, 95% CI: 55% -98%) and specificity (58%, 95% CI: 42% -73%) for predicting clinical signs of sepsis. Key words: C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, interleukin-6, presepsin, fever, sepsisBacterial infection is the most common treatment-related complication in patients with haematological malignancies [1]. Documented mortality associated with paediatric febrile neutropenia is 2% [2]. The potential for early diagnosis of bacteraemia through serum biomarkers has been the subject to extensive research [3]. In 2012 Phillips et al published large meta-analysis of 25 studies exploring 14 different biomarkers in 3,585 episodes of febrile neutropenia. CRP, PCT and IL-6 were subject to quantitative meta-analysis. The bivariate estimates of diagnostic precision of these biomarkers and outcomes were done. Data were available for meta-analysis for CRP for microbiologically or clinically documented infection (results: cut off > 50mg/dl, sensitivity 65%, specificity 73%), for PCT assessing microbiologically or clinically documented infection (results: cut off > 0.2 mg/ml, sensitivity 96%, specificity 85%), for IL-6 reporting microbiologically or clinically documented infection (results: cut off > 235 pg/ml, sensitivity 68%, specificity 94%), and gram-negative bacteraemia (results: cut off > 1000 pg/ml, sensitivity 78%, specificity 96%). Huge inconsistencies and heterogeneity in the studies included in this review were the most important limiting factors [...

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BackgroundShort-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SCADD) represents a rare autosomal recessive inborn metabolic disorder of mitochondrial β-oxidation of monocarboxylic acids. Clinical symptoms can vary from a severe life-threatening condition to an asymptomatic state, reported in the majority of cases. Since the expansion of newborn screenings, more than three hundred probands were admitted for molecular-genetic analysis, most selected because of elevated values of C4-acylcarnitine detected in newborn screenings in Slovakia. Searching for the principal genomic changes led us to the selection of sixty-two patients in whom the presence of sequence variants in the ACADS gene was analysed and correlated with the available biochemical and clinical data.MethodsBiochemical and molecular genetic tests were performed. Acylcarnitine profiles focused on an elevated level of C4-acylcarnitine, which was analysed via tandem mass spectrometry. Urinary organic acids, specifically a quantity of ethylmalonic acid, were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The entire coding region of the ACADS gene was sequenced. A low-cost restriction fragment length polymorphism of PCR amplified fragments analysis (PCR-RFLP) of pathogenic variants was introduced and implemented for the molecular-genetic algorithm appropriate for the Slovak population.ResultsOur molecular genetic study was performed on sixty-two patients with a pathological biochemical pattern related to short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. In this cohort, we discovered a high occurrence of two rare pathogenic variants—the deletion c.310_312delGAG and the substitution c.1138C>T, with allelic frequencies of 64% and 31%, respectively. Up to 86% of investigated individuals belong to the Roma ethnic group.ConclusionsAnalogous to other countries, SCADD is not included in the newborn screening programme. Based on the exceeded levels of the specific biomarker C4-acylcarnitine as well as ethylmalonic acid, we revealed a high prevalence of short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency cases, confirmed by the findings of two rare pathogenic variants. A deletion c.310_312delGAG and c.1138C > T substitution in the ACADS gene appear with a high frequency in the Roma ethnic group of Slovakia. Due to the uncertainty of the pathogenicity and clinical consequences, it is important to follow up the morbidity and mortality in these patients over time and evaluate SCADD in relation to clinical outcomes and preventive healthcare recommendations.

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