A new heteropolysaccharide was extracted and purified from the fruiting bodies of Cantharellus cibarius Fr. The Cantharellus cibarius Fr. polysaccharide (CC-1) had a molecular weight of 61,056 kDa and was mainly formed of the glucose and xylose at ratio of 5:1. Structure identification of CC-1 was analysed by a combined application of total hydrolysis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), methylation analysis, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), infrared (IR) spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The experimental results showed that CC-1 had a backbone of 1,4-linked-β-D-glucose which branched at O-6 and the branches were mainly composed of 6→1)-α-D-xylopyranose residue. CC-1 exhibited significant in vitro antioxidant effect and proliferation effect of immune cells. The activity study showed CC-1 has ability to clear the ABTS+ free radical and DPPH− free radical in a certain range of concentration. The proliferation activity of the immune cells showed that the proliferation effect on B cells was very significant (P<0.001) in the concentration of 0.625–80 mg/ml; and the effect of T cell proliferation was also very significant (P<0.001) in the concentration of 5–20 mg/ml. The result of this study introduced Cantharellus cibarius Fr. as a possible valuable source in exhibiting unique immunoregulatory and antioxidant properties.
The fundamental mechanisms underlying the preventional and therapeutic effects of polysaccharides from fungi, including the immunostimulatory, antiviral and antitumor effects, are considered to occur through the modulation and stimulation of the macrophage and complement system. LDG-A, a novel polysaccharide from Lactarius deliciosus (L. ex Fr.) Gray exhibits marked antitumor activities in vivo. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of the antitumor activities of LDG-A remains unclear. In the present study, cell cycle analysis was performed in macrophages and B cells, and the transcriptomes of macrophages in the control group and LDG-A group were sequenced using Illumina sequencing technology to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory and antitumor activities of LDG-A. The cell cycle analysis results indicated that LDG-A was able to promote the proliferation of B cells by promoting cell cycle progression in S phase and G 2 /M phase and eliminating cell cycle arrest in G 0 /G 1 , and promote the proliferation of macrophages by promoting cell cycle progression in G 0 /G 1 phase and eliminating cell cycle arrest in G 2 /M phase. Of the total number of genes (8,140), ~77.00% were expressed [reads per kilobase per million reads (RPKM) ≥1] and 1,352 genes were highly expressed (RPKM >60) in the LDG-A group. Of 775 unigenes which were identified as DEGs, 469 were downregulated and 306 genes were upregulated. A protein chip method was also used to determine the cytokines secreted by macrophages. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis and GO enrichment analysis indicated that the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, mitogen-activated protein kinase, chemokine, vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor β signaling pathways are markedly enriched for DEGs.
Catalytic antibodies made it feasible to develop new catalysts, which had previously been the subject of research. Scientists have discovered natural antibodies that can hydrolyze substrates such as nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides during decades of research, as well as several ways of producing antibodies with specialized characteristics and catalytic functions. These antibodies are widely used in chemistry, biology, and medicine. Catalytic antibodies can continue to play a role and even fully prevent the emergence of autoimmune disorders, especially in the field of infection and immunity, where the process of its occurrence and development often takes a long time. In this work, the development, design and evolution methodologies, and the expression systems and applications of catalytic antibodies, are discussed. Trial registration: not applicable.
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