The results of our study provides novel insights into the mechanisms of low back pain, as well as provide suggestions of the possibility that these assays may be used as biomarkers for low back pain.

Abstract. Accumulating evidence indicates that microRNAs are involved in multiple processes in cancer development and progression. microRNA-26a (miR-26a) has been identified as a tumor suppressor and its downregulation is associated with poor prognosis in several types of human cancer. However, the specific function of miR-26a in osteosarcoma remains unclear.In the present study, we found that the expression of miR-26a in osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines was much lower than that in the normal controls, respectively. In addition, downregulation of miR-26a more frequently occurred in osteosarcoma specimens with adverse clinical stage and with the presence of distant metastasis. Moreover, multivariate survival analyses demonstrated that loss of miR-26a is an independent prognostic factor for both disease-free and overall survival in osteosarcoma. In addition, restoration of miR-26a expression inhibited the invasion and migration in osteosarcoma cells, and miR-26a directly inhibited enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) expression by targeting its 3'-UTR. Moreover, EZH2 was upregulated and inversely correlated with miR-26a expression in the osteosarcoma tissues. Thus, for the first time, we provide convincing evidence that downregulation of miR-26a is associated with tumor aggressiveness and tumor metastasis, and miR-26a inhibits cell migration and invasion by targeting the EZH2 gene in osteosarcoma. Thus, miR-26a is an independent prognostic marker for osteosarcoma patients. IntroductionOsteosarcoma, mainly arising from the metaphysis of the long bones, is the most common primary malignancy of bone in adolescents and young adults, with an estimated worldwide yearly incidence rate of 4 million (1,2). Despite current therapeutic strategies combining adjuvant chemotherapy, surgery and sometimes radiotherapy, the prognosis of osteosarcoma patients remains poor, since ~80% of patients eventually develop recurrent metastatic osteosarcoma following surgical treatment (3), and the 5-year survival rate of these patients is only 50-60% (4). Although recent developments in molecular biology have provided insight into the molecular mechanisms of osteosarcoma, the fundamental molecular mechanisms underlying metastasis in osteosarcoma have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, it is essential to identify metastasisassociated molecules as effective drug targets and to enhance the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the metastasis of osteosarcoma.MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs 18-25 nucleotides in length, transcribed from non-proteincoding genes or introns, which regulate gene expression through repressing translation and cleaving their target mRNAs by binding to complementary sites in their 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR). It has been demonstrated that aberrant expression of miRNAs cause them to function as tumor suppressors or oncogenes according to the roles of their target genes (5,6). Particularly, miRNAs can regulate various cellular processes of tumor cells, including differentiation, progression, apopt...

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The forkhead box C2 (Foxc2) protein, a member of the forkhead/winged helix transcription factor family, is strongly expressed in developing embryo and is required in various developmental processes. However, the precise function of Foxc2 in osteoblast differentiation remains largely unknown. The present study investigated the role of Foxc2 overexpression on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiations. In our experiment, rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were transduced with lentiviral vectors containing Foxc2 or green fluorescent protein (GFP), and the gene expression and biological activity of Foxc2 were examined in vitro. The results showed that the mRNA and protein expressions of Foxc2 were stable and high in cells transduced with Foxc2 compared with those transduced with GFP. The overexpression of Foxc2 increased the mRNA and protein levels of COLI, OCN, and OPN; enhanced the activity of ALP after osteogenic induction; and decreased the expression of PPARγ-2 and the total droplet number after adipogenic induction. In addition, Foxc2 enhanced the expression of β-catenin, an important modulator of osteoblastogenesis. XAV939, a small molecule inhibitor of the Wnt-β-catenin pathway, suppressed Foxc2-mediated regulation of BMSC differentiation. These findings demonstrate that the overexpression of Foxc2 gene in BMSCs may promote osteogenic differentiation and inhibit adipogenic differentiation, and this effect can be mediated via activating the canonical Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway.

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