“…There is accumulating clinical and experimental evidence confirming the existence of potent, adaptive interactions between the central and peripheral aspects of the Neuro‐immune System in the genesis and maintenance of chronic neuropathic and nociceptive back pain . The neuro‐inflammatory pathway is modulated by the interaction of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and peripheral immune system‐derived cells (macrophages, leukocytes).…”