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Internet of Things (IoT) refers to an infrastructure which enables the forms of communication and collaboration between people and things, and between things themselves. In order to improve its performance, we present a tradeoff between bandwidth and energy consumption in the IoT in this paper. A service providing model is built to find the relationship between bandwidth and energy consumption using a cooperative differential game model. The game solution is gotten in the condition of grand coalition, feedback Nash equilibrium and intermediate coalitions and an allocation policy is obtain by Shapley theory. The results are shown as follows. Firstly, the performance of IoT decreases with the increasing of bandwidth cost or with the decreasing of energy cost; secondly, all the nodes in the IoT composing a grand coalition can save bandwidth and energy consumption; thirdly, when the factors of bandwidth cost and energy cost are equal, the obtained number of provided services is an optimised value which is the trade-off between energy and bandwidth consumption.

The traditional perimeter-based network protection model cannot adapt to the development of current technology. Zero trust is a new type of network security model, which is based on the concept of never trust and always verify. Whether the access subject is in the internal network or the external network, it needs to be authenticated to access resources. The zero trust model has received extensive attention in research and practice because it can meet the new network security requirements. However, the application of zero trust is still in its infancy, and enterprises, organizations, and individuals are not fully aware of the advantages and disadvantages of zero trust, which greatly hinders the application of zero trust. This paper introduces the existing zero trust architecture and analyzes the core technologies including identity authentication, access control, and trust assessment, which are mainly relied on in the zero trust architecture. The main solutions under each technology are compared and analyzed to summarize the advantages and disadvantages, as well as the current challenges and future research trends. Our goal is to provide support for the research and application of future zero trust architectures.

SUMMARY Cloud computing is rapidly expanding as an alternative service deployment platform today. This brings forth many new challenges in migrating enterprise applications into cloud. To enable enterprises to benefit from migration while achieving cost‐efficiency and keeping sensitive user data confidential against untrusted servers, planning which servers to migrate to the cloud and which to be hosted on‐premise is a key problem. This problem has been traditionally approached through the formulation and resolution of large optimization problems requiring global knowledge. Such approaches are not suitable for large‐scale and dynamic enterprise network migrations. In this paper, the problem of determining the optimal migrated components set of an enterprise application is revisited and addressed in a way that is both scalable and deals inherently with network dynamicity. In particular, application migration, which enables service components to move between local data center toward more communication cost‐effective cloud, is based on local information. The migration policies proposed in this work are analytically shown to be capable of moving an enterprise application between local data center and remote cloud in a way that the cost of service provision is reduced. Experimental results show the efficiency, applicability, and easy adaptability of the presented approach.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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