The paper considers the special features of applying the concept of smart specialization in the old industrial coal-mining regions to implementing the strategy for future sustainable development of the regions, as well as providing recommendations for ensuring the compliance of the institutional environment in such regions of Ukraine with the principles and organizational requirements for the implementation of this concept. The research is methodologically based on the theoretical principles of the evolutionary economics, in particular, on the concepts of path dependency, lock-ins, and others. As an initial step towards creating new path development of old industrial coal-mining areas, the paper proposes to forming institutional and organizational foundations for the development of industries built on the principles of circular economy. It can be done by returning waste from coal-mining and coal enrichment into production cycles using innovative technologies. It is proved that in the case of the of smart specialization concept application in the conditions of the old coal-mining regions it should be necessary to take a number of institutional measures, the main ones of which are proposed in the paper.
The paper analyzes the impact of energy consumption on the three pillars of sustainable development in 74 countries. The main methodological challenge in this research is the choice of a single integral indicator for assessing the social component of sustainable development. Disability-adjusted life year (DALY), ecological footprint, and GDP (Gross domestic product) are used to characterize the social, ecological, and economical pillars. The concept of physics, namely the concept of density (specific gravity), is used. It characterizes the ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume, i.e., reflects the saturation of a certain volume with this substance. Thus, to assess the relationship between energy consumption and the three foundations of sustainable development, it is proposed to determine the energy density of the indicators DALY, the ecological footprint, and GDP. The reaction to changes in energy consumption is described by the elasticity of energy density functions, calculated for each of the abovementioned indicators. The state of the social pillar is mostly dependent on energy consumption. As for the changes in the ecological pillar, a 1% reduction in energy consumption per capita gives only a 0.6% ecological footprint reduction, which indicates a low efficiency of reducing energy consumption policy and its danger for the social pillar. The innovative aspect of the research is to apply a cross-disciplinary approach and a calculative technique to identify the impact that each of the pillars of sustainable development imposes on energy policy design. The policy of renewable energy expansion is preferable for all sustainable development pillars.
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In order to elaborate the concept of an industrial ecosystem for circular economy for old industrial coal mining regions in Ukraine, we apply Corrine Beaumont's Lean Tribe Canvas model. The concept is based on combination of several approaches, including smart shrinking, urban mines, smart specialisation. The main idea of this concept is to organize an integrated industrial ecosystem for processing of accumulated waste of coal mining and enrichment for decades using innovative technologies for retrieving energy and other products during waste processing, as well as restructuring abandoned housing and unused industrial infrastructure. This should slow down decline of mining settlements, allow to reducing effects of anthropogenic impact on the environment in these regions, as well as mitigate social tension in the places where closed coal mines and related businesses were located. The mining town of Bílytske in Donetsk oblast was chosen as an example to assess technical, social and economic feasibility of a project based on the stated concept.
The unity and struggle of opposites in the context of quality of life determines the use of primary energy resources, whether fossil or alternative sources, which is related to the state of the environment. An effective policy for the sustainable development of mankind requires the consumption of large amounts of energy to make life dignified, and the strict limitation of the consumption of energy to protect the environment. Th e purpose of the article is to determine the dependence of the quality of life of the population on the consumption of primary energy resources in national economies. Th e novelty of the research lies in the comparison of the quality of life of the population in national economies with the consumption of primary energy resources; application of the indicator of lost years of healthy life as a measure of the quality of life of the population; introduction of concepts of density of lost years of healthy life and ecological density (the ratio of the national value of Footprint to the energy resources consumption). Research methods. Th e work is based on the use of the Global Disease Burden project methodology; comparative research, mathematical statistics (regression and cluster analysis); mathematical modelling. Th e uneven specific consumption of energy resources in national economies of different types is proved based on cluster analysis results, it is found that industrial countries consume more energy than countries with warm climates, but less than developed countries, high energy consumption reduces the number of lost years of active life, but greatly increases the size of ecological Footprint. Th e phenomenon of peninsulas in quality of life is demonstrated, the density of lost years of healthy life and ecological density in national economies in relation to primary energy consumption is analyzed, the significant non-linearity of dependencies is proved, and it is shown that meeting the requirements of sustainable development is impossible without deteriorating the quality of life of countries with population that consumes a lot of energy, but under the conditions of exponential characteristics of the development deterioration is unlikely to be catastrophic.
Ukraine's Green Energy Transition by 2050 involves a number of energy transformations in the economy, including decarbonisation, fossil fuel abandonment and the further development of renewable energy sources (RES). For a long-term storage of energy generated by RES, the chemical systems are most suitable that convert electricity into chemical energy of such types of fuels like hydrogen and ammonia, which after being burnt do not produce emissions of carbon monoxide and oxide, sulfur dioxide, or dust. Ammonia manufacturers that use traditional production technology are being themselves large consumers of fossil fuels and electricity and emit hundreds of millions of tons of carbon dioxide. An ecological alternative is the synthesis of green ammonia based on the electrolytic production of hydrogen using electricity produced by RES. But this option requires a lot of electricity. In the context of Ukraine, with an annual demand for the production of 5 million tons of carbon-free ammonia, the required consumption of electricity amounts to 55 billion kWh. To obtain green ammonia in Ukraine, it is necessary to dramatically increase the scope of nuclear power plants and RES capacities, while abandoning the use of coal-fired power plants. Decentralized production of green ammonia can become an effective regulator of electric power in the power system without restrictions on the operation of nuclear power plants and RES. The start of this production will come after the development of synthesis technologies of green ammonia and the expiration of RES preferences in the energy market of Ukraine. Keywords: ammonia, carbon dioxide, emission, electricity, RES, demand-side load regulation.
Resilience as a category of mechanics means an ability of elastic bodies to restore their shape after mechanical pressure. Against the background of the SARS Covid-19 pandemic and other global cataclysms, the concept of resilience as stress resistance is gaining more and more popularity in economic science. It is even about the paradigmatic change of Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0, the characteristic of economical resilience for which should be significant, while the industry itself is given the role of necessary transformations’ driver. A fairly widespread version of resilience in the economy is the ability of the ecosystem, business and society to cope with shocks and continue to function approximately the same way. The mission of this work, its purpose is to specify the concept of resilience to the needs of industrialists. The category of resilience, by its very name, is an allusion to Hooke's law, which is also called the law of elasticity. Any force applied to the body causes its (body) deformation, the size of which, according to Hooke's law, depends on the force itself and the inherent rigidity of the body. As long as the deformations grow linearly (in proportion to the effort), the body retains its elasticity and returns to its original dimensions after the load is removed. This happens until the load does not exceed the limit of proportionality, beyond which the elongation of the sample occurs without increasing the force with subsequent destruction of the body. The task of maintaining resilience, thus, comes down to knowing the nature of the development of deformations of a specific material – the economy of the enterprise, the region, the national economy – and preventing the loading of the "sample" beyond its inherent level of proportionality. Thus, it makes sense to accept that each company has its own ‘rigidity’ and characteristic ‘deformations’ of the state. Each company has its own production function, which, in the case of using the Cobb-Douglas model, is the dependence of output on labor and capital costs. The inherent rigidity of the economic structure determines the elasticity of its functioning. The long-term impact of adverse forces leads not only to a reduction in production, but also to the closing of production facilities, the dismissal of personnel, which causes a further decline in production and the development of a vicious circle up to the liquidation of the business structure itself due to the complete economic/commercial impracticality of its existence. Using the example of the cumulative cost curve of metallurgical coal exporters, it is proved that the resilience of any micro-, meso- or macroeconomy depends on a combination of natural (quality of the deposit, for example), geographical (proximity to ports, development of railway connections etc.), technological factors and the economic and political situation. The paradigm of Industry 5.0 is fundamentally distinguished by another "assembly point" – the transition from the neoliberal model of capitalism, which has the "primacy of shareholders" and the goal of maximizing profit, to a model based on the principles of ESG (from Environmental, Social, and Corporate Governance). The second main point of Industry 5.0 is the desire to achieve the greatest autonomy of economic structures. The noted points can significantly influence the practice of enterprises and regions in terms of ensuring their resilience.
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