No abstract

Our results suggest that women with ADHD are particularly vulnerable to early adversities, health and mental health problems.

Acute sarcopenia is defined by the development of incident sarcopenia (low muscle quantity/quality and function) within 6 months of a stressor event. However, outcome measures for clinical trials have not been validated. This study aimed to characterize changes in muscle quantity, quality, strength, and physical function during and after hospitalization.Methods: Patients aged ≥70 years admitted for elective colorectal surgery, emergency abdominal surgery or acute infections were recruited from a single university hospital. Assessments were carried out at baseline, and within 7 AE 2 days and 13 AE 1 weeks postoperatively or post-admission.Results: A total of 79 participants (mean age 79 years, 39% female) were included. Physical function defined by the Patient-Reported Outcome Measures Information System T-score declined from baseline (42.3, 95% CI 40.2-44.3) to 7 days (36.6, 95% CI 34.5-38.8; P = 0.001), with improvement after 13 weeks (40.5, 95% CI 37.9-43.0). Changes in muscle quantity, quality and function measurements were overall heterogeneous, with few significant changes at the study population level. Change in rectus femoris echogenicity over 13 weeks correlated with changes in handgrip strength (r = 0.53; P < 0.001) and gait speed (r = 0.59; P = 0.003) over the same period.Conclusions: Patient-Reported Outcome Measures Information System T-score provides a sensitive measure of change in physical function in hospitalized older patients. However, changes in muscle quantity, quality and function measurements were heterogeneous, and not significant at the study population level. Further research should assess for factors that might be predictive of changes within individuals to enable stratified interventions. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 311-318.

As a genre, state of the art studies are vulnerable to all manner of criticism, not least on grounds of completeness, the methodology employed, the nature of the data or the quality of any findings presented. This study is no exception. Indeed, given the time available and the nebulous character of the central concept, a degree of optimism bordering on an act of faith, was required in order to complete it. While the outcome can only be described in terms of the ‘quick and dirty’, it nonetheless encompasses a wide range of experiences and locales and is the product of two questionnaires, a telephone survey and a number of structured face to face interviews.

Aim (a) To document the prevalence and odds of (i) alcohol use disorders, (ii) cannabis use disorders, (iii) other drug use disorders and (iv) any substance use disorder (SUD), among young adults with and without ADHD, and (b) to investigate the degree to which the association between ADHD and SUDs is attenuated by socio-demographics, early adversities and mental health. Method Secondary analysis of the nationally representative Canadian Community Health Survey-Mental Health (CCHS-MH). The sample included 6872 respondents aged 20–39, of whom 270 had ADHD. The survey response rate was 68.9%. Measurements Substance Use Disorder: World Health Organization’s Composite International Diagnostic Interview criteria, SUDs, were derived from lifetime algorithms for alcohol, cannabis and other substance abuse or dependence. ADHD was based on self-report of a health professional’s diagnosis. Findings One in three young adults with ADHD had a lifetime alcohol use disorder (36%) compared to 19% of those without ADHD (P &lt; 0.001). After adjusting for all control variables, those with ADHD had higher odds of developing alcohol use disorders (OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.81), cannabis use disorders (OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.06, 2.00), other drug use disorders (OR = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.46, 2.95) and any SUD (OR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.28, 2.23). History of depression and anxiety led to the largest attenuation of the ADHD-SUD relationship, followed by childhood adversities and socioeconomic status. Conclusions Young adults with ADHD have a high prevalence of alcohol and other SUDs. Targeted outreach and interventions for this extremely vulnerable population are warranted.