Germination, growth and development in vitro of orchids of the genus CattleyaOrchids are over-exploited in their natural environment due to their ornamental importance, which is leading some species to extinction. In vitro culture is an alternative for ex-situ conservation. Our objective was to determine an efficient medium for in vitro seed germination and initial seedling growth of Cattleya forbesii and Cattleya harrisoniana. Seeds of Cattleya forbesii were incubated in Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium (T1) and MS added with 2,5 g L -1 of activated charcoal (T2). For the last, plants with 1 ± 0,2 cm of height were submitted to the following treatments: T1, T2, MS reduced to the half strenght (T3) and MS reduced to the half strenght supplemented with 1,25 g L -1 of activated charcoal (T4). Thirty days after seed inoculation of C. forbesii, it was verified 45% and 90% of germination in T1 and T2, respectively. The addition of activated charcoal also promoted an increase in the height of the C. forbesii seedlings Germinação, crescimento e desenvolvimento in vitro de orquídeas (Cattleya spp., Orchidaceae)As orquídeas no ambiente natural sofrem exploração devido a sua importância ornamental, levando algumas espécies à extinção. O cultivo in vitro é uma forma alternativa para a conservação ex-situ. Procurou-se determinar um meio de cultura eficiente para a germinação in vitro de sementes e o crescimento inicial de plântulas de Cattleya forbesii, bem como para o crescimento de plântulas in vitro de Cattleya harrisoniana. No primeiro caso, sementes foram inoculadas em meio de cultura básico de Murashige & Skoog (MS) = T1 e MS básico acrescido de 2,5 g L -1 de carvão ativado (CA) = T2. No segundo, plântulas com 1 ± 0,2 cm de altura foram submetidas aos tratamentos T1, T2, MS com a metade da concentração original de macro-micronutrientes (T3) e MS com a metade da concentração original de macro-micronutrientes suplementado com 1,25 g L -1 de CA (T4). Verificou-se aos 30 dias em C. forbesii uma porcentagem de germinação de 45% em T1 e 90% em T2. A adição de CA ao meio de cultura trouxe aumento na altura de plântulas de C. forbesii de acordo com análises realizadas aos 180 dias de cultivo. Em relação ao crescimento de C. harrisoniana, aos 240 dias observou-se que todos os parâmetros médios avaliados (altura da parte aérea, massa de matéria fresca total, número de raízes e folhas, comprimento da maior raiz e diâmetro do pseudocaule) foram significativamente maiores em T2. Dessa forma, sugere-se o uso do meio MS acrescido de 2,5 g L -1 de CA (T2), uma vez que é significativamente favorável tanto para a germinação de sementes quanto para o crescimento de ambas as espécies.Palavras-chave: carvão ativado, meio de cultura, micropropagação, orquídeas.

Water erosion degrades the soil and contaminates the environment, and one influential factor on erosion is slope length. The aim of this study was to quantify losses of soil (SL) and water (WL) in a Humic Cambisol in a field experiment under natural rainfall conditions from July 4, 2014 to June 18, 2015 in individual events of 41 erosive rains in the Southern Plateau of Santa Catarina and to estimate soil losses through the USLE and RUSLE models. The treatments consisted of slope lengths of 11, 22, 33, and 44 m, with an average degree of slope of 8 %, on bare and uncropped soil that had been cultivated with corn prior to the study. At the end of the corn cycle, the stalk residue was removed from the surface, leaving the roots of the crop in the soil. Soil loss by water erosion is related linearly and positively to the increase in slope length in the span between 11 and 44 m. Soil losses were related to water losses and the Erosivity Index (EI 30 ), while water losses were related to rain depth. Soil losses estimated by the USLE and RUSLE model showed lower values than the values observed experimentally in the field, especially the values estimated by the USLE. The values of factor L calculated for slope length of 11, 22, 33, and 44 m for the two versions (USLE and RUSLE) of the soil loss prediction model showed satisfactory results in relation to the values of soil losses observed.

RESUMONeste trabalho foram determinadas as concentrações e as cargas de nitrato e de fosfato inorgânico total, na água de escoamento superficial, de drenagem e subterrânea, na bacia do Ribeirão Concórdia, Lontras, SC. Foram coletadas 102 amostras durante 109 dias, em três seções fluviométricas, três lisímetros e três poços piezométricos, distribuídos no interior da bacia. Concentrations and loads of nitrate and phosphate in the Ribeirão Concórdia river basin, Lontras, SC ABSTRACT This study presents concentrations and loads of nitrate and total inorganic phosphate in surface runoff infiltrating water and subsurface flow in the basin of Ribeirao Concordia, Lontras, SC -Brazil . Over a 109-day period, 102 samples were collected from three river sections, three lysimeters and three piezometric wells in the interior of the basin. Concentrations were compared with the standards given in the CONAMA Resolutions 357/2005 and 420/2009. Concentrations of nitrate and phosphate in lysimeter drainage water and flows were greater than those in river sections and piezometric wells. In the river sections and in surface flow from the lysimeter under pasture, nitrate concentrations were lower than the benchmarks set for such waters. Phosphate concentrations in the river sections and in both lysimeter surface runoff and in drainage water, and in the piezometers, all exceeded the standards defined in CONAMA Resolutions 357/2005 and 420/2009. Drainage waters in the lysimeters transported nitrate and phosphate loads greater than those in surface runoff, which in turn transported loads of the same order of magnitude as in river flow.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the soil losses, as well as carbon and chemical samples in runoff through areas of pine (Pinus taeda), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus dunni) and a consortium of pasture with oat (Avena stringosa) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorium) in the Fragosos river basin, in Concordia, SC. For this, rainfall simulations with mean intensities of 94 mm h-1 were conducted in September and November 2011, in plots of 1 m2 established in the three areas. Runoff, loads carried of the sediment, and carbon and chemical concentrations were quantified in the experiment. The results showed that the concentrations of sediment and organic carbon were higher in the eucalyptus area. The largest concentrations of chemicals for all areas were nitrate, calcium, magnesium and potassium. Total carbon, organic carbon, sediment and nitrate were transported in higher loads in the eucalyptus area. With the exception of nitrate and chloride, the chemical loads carried were higher in the pasture area