In this paper we describe an experiment that studies the effect of hyper-and microgravity on human hand-eye coordination while interacting with virtual content provided by a head-mounted display in Augmented Reality environments. Because the selection of an object is one of the most fundamental classes of interaction tasks, the interrelations between a human body and the surrounding augmented environment was evaluated by performing pointing actions towards a target. We investigated human sensorimotoric coordination and workload while applying different placement configurations of a virtual keyboard, where precise pointing movements are involved. Therefore we performed a comparative user study under parabolic flight conditions with three different keyboard configurations, considered haptic feedback and the location related to humans body frame of reference. In a within-subject design, objective measures showed a significant requirement of haptic feedback, but was tended toward to be inside the human body frame. However, subjects statements tended to the preference of using virtual keyboards with haptic feedback and outside humans body frame.
Figure 1: User study to compare egocentric and exocentric target cueing during the localization of nearby off-screen targets. (left) Test subject wearing a video see-through HMD and pointing toward a cued target. (middle) Exocentric map guidance, interfered with a target oddball stimulus. (right) Egocentric arrow guidance, interfered with a standard oddball stimulus.
Abstract. Direct object selection in an Augmented Reality environment that is coded outside of human body frame of reference is deteriorated under short-term altered gravity. As countermeasures we developed a gravity-adapted resizing technique based on the Hooke's law that resulted in two techniques of target and interface deformation (compression, elongation). To prove the concept of this resizing approach we initially conducted two experiments under simulated hypergravity conditions. While during the first study hypergravity was induced by a long-arm human centrifuge, in the second study hypergravity was simulated by additional arm weightings that were balanced and attached to the participants' pointing arm. We investigated the difference of the task performance with respect to the pointing frequency, response time, pointing speed and accuracy, when participants performed a visuomotor task under the resizing conditions compared to the unchanged condition. During the second study we additionally evaluated the speed-accuracy tradeoff of the resizing techniques according to Fitts' law and the physiological workload by cardiac responses analyzing the heart rate variability. Both experiments showed that the online adaption of the present gravity load to targets' size and distance influences the performance of direct AR direct pointing. The results revealed that the pointing performance benefits from elongation target deformation by increased target sizes and distances, while pointing towards compressed targets mostly decreases the physiological workload under increased gravity conditions.
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