ResumenLos estudios de extracción nutrimental permiten establecer las bases para ajustar la fertilización al ciclo de cultivo, optimizándose los insumos a utilizar. En el presente estudio se modeló la extracción de macronutrimentos en crisantemo. La acumulación de biomasa aumentó desde el inicio de los días cortos, con un patrón similar en la extracción de N, P, K, Ca y Mg; sin embargo, este fue mucho mayor en la etapa de floración. Al inicio de los días cortos, se presentó una mayor extracción de N y K que de P, Ca y Mg, mientras que en la etapa de floración la extracción de P, Ca y Mg aumentaron. La mayor acumulación de N y K fue en los últimos 30 días del ciclo, pero para P, Ca y Mg esta fue en los últimos 15 días. La mayor parte de los nutrimentos absorbidos se acumularon en tallos y hojas, seguido por la inflorescencia y la raíz. Los requerimientos nutrimentales al inicio de los días cortos fue: K ≈ N ˃ P > Ca ≈ Mg mientras que en la fase de desarrollo de la inflorescencia fue: N ≈ K ˃ P > Ca > Mg. Considerando una eficiencia del 50%, 40%, 80%, 75% y 75% en el uso del N, P, K, Ca y Mg, respectivamente, y una densidad de población de 69 plantas m Palabras clave: agricultura sustentable, curvas de extracción, eficiencia en el uso de fertilizantes, nutrición mineral, ornamentales. AbstractStudies on nutrient extraction allow establishing the basis to adjust fertilization to crop cycle, optimizing inputs. In the present study macronutrients extraction was modeled for chrysanthemum. Biomass accumulation increased from the start of short days, with a similar pattern in the extraction of N, P, K, Ca and Mg; however, this was much higher during the flowering stage. At the start of short days, there was greater extraction of N and K than P, Ca and Mg, whereas in the flowering stage, extraction of P, Ca and Mg increased. The greatest accumulation of N and K was in the last 30 days of the cycle, but for P, Ca and Mg this was in the last 15 days. Most of the absorbed nutrients accumulated in stems and leaves, followed by inflorescence and root.The nutritional requirements at the start of short days was: IntroducciónLas especies ornamentales tienen gran importancia en el sector agrícola mexicano debido a su alto valor y la variedad de flores de corte, follaje, y en contenedor que son comercializados tanto a nivel nacional como internacional. Según un estudio realizado por la Financiera Nacional de Desarrollo Agropecuario, Rural, Forestal y Pesquero (2014), destacan por su valor de producción la rosa (1 480 mdp), el crisantemo (1 079 mdp), el gladiolo (824 mdp) y la flor de nochebuena (431 mdp). El crisantemo (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat) es la segunda flor de corte más importante de las tres principales que se cultivan a nivel internacional (Villanueva et al., 2005). En el Estado de México se cultivaron 2 466.75 ha con crisantemo (SIAP, 2012) y se produjeron 8 731 240 gruesas, de cuyo total, 60% se destina al mercado interno y 40% al externo. La producción de flor de crisantemo bajo invernadero a nivel nacional regi...

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Indoor production systems with light emitting diode (LED) lamps are a feasible alternative for increasing strawberry productivity by reducing the incidence of pests and diseases and the damage caused by extreme weather events. Blue (BL) and red (RL) LED light are considered the most important light spectra for photosynthesis and crop yield; however, recent studies have demonstrated that the beneficial effects of green light (GL) have been underestimated. This information would be of particular importance for strawberry production in controlled-environments/vertical farming systems as it may lower input costs and enhance production efficiency and quality and marketability. The present study aimed to define the effect of GL in combination with BL in strawberry. A proportion of 20% GL (20% BL + 60% RL) of total photosynthetic photon flux density was beneficial for plant growth and productivity; however, a 27% GL (12% BL + 61% RL) proportion was detrimental or comparable to that with 6% GL (36% BL + 58% RF). Total dry mass increased 51% when plants were illuminated with 20% GL lamps compared to those with 6% GL; the most impacted plant part was the root as it increased by 155%. The higher yield was observed with GL at 20%, but further increasing GL to 27% resulted in reduced yield. GL at 20% and 27% exhibited higher photosynthesis but reduced transpiration, stomatic conductance, and internal CO2, which in turn increased instantaneous and intrinsic water-use efficiency. Plants with the highest yield (20% GL) exhibited lower total soluble solids in fruits but still the values obtained were acceptable (8.25 °Brix); these fruits contained a high total sugars and phenolics concentration but a reduced antioxidant scavenging capacity. High proportions of GL were associated with a higher leaf and fruit Ca and a higher leaf P and K, which may be due to the increased allocation of biomass to the roots. In conclusion, GL at 20% and BL at 20% resulted in the best growth and yield parameters, enhanced net photosynthesis rate, water-use efficiency and fruit quality attributes. The effects of GL observed in this study may also be important for other high-value horticultural crops suitable for indoor vertical farming.

Greenhouse cultivation is highly efficient in the use of water and fertilizers. However, due to intensive production, the greenhouse industry applies ample amounts of water and fertilizers. An alternative to minimize water and nutrient loss is zero-leaching systems, such as closed-loop subirrigation. The objective of the present study was to compare the water and fertilizer use efficiency in containerized tomato plants grown in a subirrigation system and a drip irrigation system. Subirrigated plants exhibited lower biomass than drip-irrigated plants. However, the amount of nutrient solution required to restore evapotranspirated water was lower in subirrigation. The yield was marginally decreased in subirrigated plants compared to drip-irrigated plants. The amount of nutrient solution required to produce 1 kg of fresh tomatoes was 22 L in subirrigation, whereas in drip irrigation, plants demanded 41 L. The total nitrogen applied through the nutrient solution was 75% lower in subirrigation than in drip irrigation, while the phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium applied was 66%, 59%, 70% and 74% lower, respectively. We concluded that the subirrigation system proved to be more water- and nutrient-efficient than the drip irrigation system due to the zero leaching of the nutrient solution, the lower number of irrigation events required and the lower nutrient demand of plants.

Subirrigation of containerized vegetable crops is a promising strategy to increase water and nutrient use efficiency, however, the longer growing seasons for cultivation of vegetable species may cause marked changes in the physical and chemical substrate properties. This study determined the effects of the irrigation system, subirrigation vs. drip-irrigation, and the concentration of the nutrient solution on the substrate physical and chemical properties in containerized tomato plants. Plants were irrigated with solutions at concentrations of −0.072, −0.058 and −0.043 MPa. Root dry weight of subirrigated plants was decreased by 35% in the substrate top layer when the highest concentration was used. Substrate electrical conductivity increased while pH was acidified as solution concentration increased and from the bottom to the top substrate layers in subirrigated plants. Salts buildup was associated with increased concentration of oxalic and tartaric acids and pH acidification. The improved substrate physical and chemical properties in subirrigated plants were associated with higher fruit yield (11.0 kg per plant) provided nutrient solution concentration was reduced to −0.043 MPa; in contrast, the highest yield in drip-irrigated plants (10.1 kg per plant) was obtained when the solution concentration was −0.072 MPa. In conclusion, subirrigation with reuse of the nutrient solution is a promising strategy to reduce water waste through runoff and leaching as water use efficiency increases due to greater water retention properties in the substrate, the maintenance of an EC within a range the plants can tolerate, and a lower acidification of substrate pH.2 of 13 60% [1]. In a previous paper, we are reporting that 1 L of water was required to produce 300 to 460 g of fruit, compared to 50 g in drip-irrigated plants, demonstrating that subirrigation increases water use efficiency by 6× to 9× [1].The movement of nutrients and water within growing media, and the subsequent chemical and physical properties, is dependent on the type of irrigation system used [2][3][4][5]. In surface irrigation, gravitational forces move water and nutrients downwards from the top of the container [6], affecting air and water retention capacities [2] and resulting in salt buildup in the lower portion of the growing media profile [6]. In contrast, subirrigation systems are based on the upward movement of water (capillary action) from the lower portion of the growing medium profile to the top of the container [6,7], thereby allowing a more uniform distribution of the nutrient solution throughout the substrate profile. The capillary movement of the nutrient solution in subirrigated containerized-plants reduces compaction of the growing media when compared to surface irrigation systems [8][9][10]. However, subirrigation causes a stratification of salts, which accumulate predominantly in the upper portion of the medium profile/layer [3,4]. Salt buildup in the upper layer of the medium negatively affects root and shoot growth, quality, and yield, espe...

La incorporación al suelo de biocarbón obtenido de cascarillas, rastrojos, residuos forestales, estiércoles, entre otros residuos puede mejorar el crecimiento de los cultivos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto del biocarbón de ápices de caña de azúcar (BACA) en el crecimiento de albahaca tailandesa (Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflora) cultivada en invernadero. Los tratamientos consistieron en mezclas de biocarbón y suelo franco arenoso (v/v) de 0 (testigo), 7, 14, 21 y 28%. Se evaluó altura de planta, materia fresca y seca, área foliar, unidades SPAD y la concentración nutrimental foliar. El uso de BACA al 7% incrementó 45.1% la materia fresca, 35.2% la materia seca y 54.5% el área foliar. Por otro lado, el tratamiento con BACA 21% presentó la mayor concentración foliar de N-total (44.3 g kg-1), P (9.55 mg kg-1) y Ca (12.6 mg kg‑1). El biocarbón de ápices de caña de azúcar puede ser incorporado al suelo como una alternativa en el manejo agronómico de albahaca tailandesa.

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