HIV viral reservoirs are established very early during infection. Resident memory T cells (TRM) are present in tissues such as the lower female genital tract, but the contribution of this subset of cells to the pathogenesis and persistence of HIV remains unclear. Here, we show that cervical CD4+TRM display a unique repertoire of clusters of differentiation, with enrichment of several molecules associated with HIV infection susceptibility, longevity and self-renewing capacities. These protein profiles are enriched in a fraction of CD4+TRM expressing CD32. Cervical explant models show that CD4+TRM preferentially support HIV infection and harbor more viral DNA and protein than non-TRM. Importantly, cervical tissue from ART-suppressed HIV+ women contain high levels of viral DNA and RNA, being the TRM fraction the principal contributor. These results recognize the lower female genital tract as an HIV sanctuary and identify CD4+TRM as primary targets of HIV infection and viral persistence. Thus, strategies towards an HIV cure will need to consider TRM phenotypes, which are widely distributed in tissues.
Cancer is the main cause of death before age 70. Gastric cancer (GC) is responsible for 1 in 13 deaths worldwide and is predominant in men. Inflammation is closely related to cancer, as it activates different blood cells such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, etc. A bibliographic review was carried out to collect and analyze studies concerning the prognostic efficacy of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in patients with gastric cancer. Upon analysis, several studies indicated that elevated values of both NLR and PLR show poor prognosis. However, we suggest that more research is needed to obtain cutoff values according to GC staging, in order to be a helpful tool in GC diagnosis and prognosis.
Antecedentes: Covid-19 es una enfermedad causada por un nuevo coronavirus conocido como SARS-CoV-2. La proteína viral Spike se une a los receptores corporales ACE2 y determina su infectividad. Este proceso tiene muchos efectos en el huésped, causando daños en el sistema respiratorio y a nivel sistémico en general, evidenciados en la elevación de marcadores de laboratorio como la Interleucina-6, Ferritina y D-Dímero. Objetivo: Analizar los biomarcadores (Interleuquina-6, Ferritina y D-Dímero) como factores de mal pronóstico en Covid-19.Métodos: Se recolectaron los datos de los pacientes con Covid-19 que además tenían resultados de IL-6, D-D y Ferritina obtenidos a través de las bases de datos del hospital IESS Ambato.Resultados: Reportamos 114 pacientes con Covid-19, a quienes analizamos los marcadores serológicos. D-D e IL-6 muestran una OR de 1,34 (C.I.: 1,14 - 1,58) y 1,26 (C.I.: 1,11 - 1,43) respectivamente. La ferritina tuvo una asociación positiva en la población femenina 1,11 OR (C.I.: 0,99 - 1,24), pero en la población masculina, no encontramos una asociación significativa 3,91 OR (C.I.: 0,46 - 32,99). Se encontró que las comorbilidades eran un factor protector con una asociación negativa de OR = 0,88. Las causas secundarias de muerte en los pacientes Covid-19 fueron la parada cardiaca y la neumonía (23,1%).Conclusiones: Los marcadores IL-6, Ferritina y D-D fueron evaluados y demostraron ser herramientas valiosas para predecir el mal pronóstico en pacientes con Covid-19. Estos marcadores procedieron independientemente de otros factores como las comorbilidades. Los hallazgos de este estudio pueden ayudar al manejo y pronóstico.
Introduction: the average platelet volume is obtained from the blood count, considered as a low-cost and easily accessible biomarker, available in all medical units. It is considered a biomarker that indicates inflammation, thrombosis, and endothelial injury, while foreign studies have shown encouraging advances in diseases with prothrombotic and immunoinflammatory components. Objective: to establish the relationship of mean platelet volume with hospital septic infections. Methodology: information sources available in the Pubmed, Medicgraphic, and SciELO databases were consulted, as well as the Google Scholar search engine. Publications in both English and Spanish were included, with a maximum of 5 years prior to the topic of interest. Results: original articles were analyzed in which populations of neonates and adults with sepsis are analyzed. Populations of newborns reflected a high value of MPV in the first 24 hours, proving to be an early predictive marker in the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis, while population studies in adults reflected a much higher MPV in septic patients who later died. in relation to those who survived, being also considered a predictor of mortality. Conclusions: it is evident that MPV is closely related to sepsis since it increases progressively during infection, constituting a biomarker for early prediction and poor prognosis in sepsis.
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