We argue that the effects we observed are consistent with a contextual conditioning account of reinstatement, whereby CRF that was experienced in the context of the SA chamber served to elicit a conditioned excitatory response developed to that context during training.
Little cigar and cigarillo smoking is increasing in popularity in the U.S., but little is known about the topography and mainstream smoke (MSS) constituents of these types of cigar products. This report describes the quantity of selected MSS toxicants generated from puff-by-puff replication of human laboratory smoking. Participants were dual users of cigarettes and either little cigars ( n = 21) or cigarillos ( n = 23). In the laboratory smoking session, participants of the little cigar group smoked a filtered unflavored Winchester Little Cigar; those in the cigarillo group smoked an unfiltered, unflavored Black & Mild cigarillo. MSS components included both volatiles and semivolatile compounds. The MSS of five representative U.S. domestic cigarettes was generated using smoking topography profiles of the participants smoking their own brand of cigarettes. Machine smoking accurately replicated individual puff profiles as indicated by a high correlation between lab and machine smoked: time to smoke, number of puffs, and total puff volume. There was wide variability in smoking patterns across subjects of both little cigars and cigarillos. For example, total puff volume ranged from 84 to 732 mL after the little cigar and from 270 to 2089 mL after the cigarillo. Qualitatively, cigar smoke from little cigars and cigarillos were similar and resembles cigarette smoke. All analytes (VOC and SVOCs) were greater in cigarillo smoke compared to that of little cigars and cigarettes. However, when the toxicants were adjusted for grams of tobacco burned, little cigar smoke contained more nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, acetonitrile, and acrylonitrile compared with cigarillo smoke. When the constituents were adjusted for nicotine content, cigarillo MSS contained more of all toxicants compared with little cigar. Cigarillos and little cigars, like cigarettes, deliver nicotine and other toxicants known to be harmful to health; their regulation by the FDA is appropriate for their public health risk.
Objective-Although most cigarillos and little cigars smokers also smoke cigarettes (dual use), there are few studies comparing toxicant exposure and smoking behavior in cigars and cigarettes.Methods-Two groups of dual users smoked their usual brand of cigarette and either a Winchester unflavored little cigar (N = 21) or a Black & Mild cigarillo (N = 23). Acute exposure of nicotine and exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) and puffing topography parameters were collected. Individual cigar puffing data were used to machine-replicate smoking for analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) in mainstream smoke.Results-There were significant differences in puff topography, plasma nicotine and exhaled CO after cigarettes, little cigars, and cigarillos. Puff topography differences between cigarillos and cigarettes were due to the difference in the size of the article. Mainstream cigar and cigarette smoke was qualitatively similar; the yield was dependent on the smoking behavior. When smoke yield was adjusted for weight of tobacco burned or puff volume, exposure differences decreased.Conclusions-There is a wide range of delivery of both SVOC and VOC components of cigar and cigarillo smoke. The difference in exposure is largely dependent on the article size and the amount consumed.Correspondence Dr Koszowski; koszowskib@battelle.org. Human Subjects StatementThe study was approved by Battelle's Institutional Review Board. Conflict of Interest StatementThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Another impediment has been that off-the-shelf commercial smoking topography instrumentation and hardware is designed for cigarette research and must be modified to accommodate cigar products. HHS Public AccessA further challenge is that cigars (unlike cigarettes) come in a wide variety of sizes -from articles the size of cigarettes containing less than 1g of tobacco to large cigars that may contain 30g of tobacco filler. 4 Furthermore, there are idiomatic use patterns associated with some cigar smoking that are not seen in cigarette smoking. For example, partial smoking and re-lighting is common among cigarillo smokers 5 but almost never seen among cigarette smokers. Other studies 6-8 and the Internet document the practice of "hyping" -removing the tobacco filler and the paper liner and repacking the filler before smoking some cigarillo brands; chewing on the tip; and using cigars to deliver marijuana. 9,10 Also, little cigar and cigarillo consumers typically use both a cigar product and a conventional cigarette (dual users). 2,5,[11][12][13] Although there are practical challenges to research and some questions on the generalizability of results, the use of laboratory smoking studies provide an estimate of the use behavior and toxicant exposure. We have adopted puff topography methods and measures of acute toxicant exposure developed and used in cigarette studies 14,15 to investigate cigarillo and little cigar smoking in our laboratory. Replicated human puffing measures were use...
Bacteria detection is crucial for water and environmental monitoring.
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