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The California spotted owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) is the only spotted owl subspecies not listed as threatened or endangered under the United States Endangered Species Act despite petitions to list it as threatened. We conducted a meta‐analysis of population data for 4 populations in the southem Cascades and Sierra Nevada, California, USA, from 1990 to 2005 to assist a listing evaluation by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Our study areas (from N to S) were on the Lassen National Forest (LAS), Eldorado National Forest (ELD), Sierra National Forest (SIE), and Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (SKC). These study areas represented a broad spectrum of habitat and management conditions in these mountain ranges. We estimated apparent survival probability, reproductive output, and rate of population change for spotted owls on individual study areas and for all study areas combined (meta‐analysis) using model selection or model‐averaging based on maximum‐likelihood estimation. We followed a formal protocol to conduct this analysis that was similar to other spotted owl meta‐analyses. Consistency of field and analytical methods among our studies reduced confounding methodological effects when evaluating results. We used 991 marked spotted owls in the analysis of apparent survival. Apparent survival probability was higher for adult than for subadult owls. There was little difference in apparent survival between male and female owls. Model‐averaged mean estimates of apparent survival probability of adult owls varied from 0.811 ± 0.021 for females at LAS to 0.890 ± 0.016 for males at SKC. Apparent survival increased over time for owls of all age classes at LAS and SIE, for adults at ELD, and for second‐year subadults and adults at SKC. The meta‐analysis of apparent survival, which included only adult owls, confirmed an increasing trend in survival over time. Survival rates were higher for owls on SKC than on the other study areas. We analyzed data from 1,865 observations of reproductive outcomes for female spotted owls. The proportion of subadult females among all territorial females of known age ranged from 0.00 to 0.25 among study areas and years. The proportion of subadults among female spotted owls was negatively related to reproductive output (no. of young fledged/territorial F owl) for ELD and SIE. Eldorado study area and LAS showed an alternate‐year trend in reproductive output, with higher output in even‐numbered years. Mean annual reproductive output was 0.988 ± 0.154 for ELD, 0.624 ± 0.140 for LAS, 0.478 ± 0.106 for SIE, and 0.555 ± 0.110 for SKC. Eldorado Study Area exhibited a declining trend and the greatest variation in reproductive output over time, whereas SIE and SKC, which had the lowest reproductive output, had the lowest temporal variation. Meta‐analysis confirmed that reproductive output varied among study areas. Reproductive output was highest for adults, followed by second‐year subadults, and then by first‐year subadults. We used 842 marked subadult and adult owls to...

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Establishment of nonindigenous (NI) aquatic plants in the nearshore regions of freshwater ecosystems has resulted in environmental degradation, recreation concerns, economic impacts, and substantial management challenges. To reduce these undesirable effects, NI aquatic plants are often targeted for removal or control by management agencies, but the efficacy of implementation is often not documented or sustained. In this study, we developed a management plan to completely remove all NI plants from Emerald Bay, Lake Tahoe, CA, using only physical control techniques. Management plan priorities were based on previous research and lessons learned, including the need for (1) integrated weed management using multiple physical control techniques, (2) a large initial treatment investment, (3) ongoing early detection and rapid response, (4) detailed ecological monitoring, and (5) a long-term commitment to annual maintenance removal. Application of this management plan resulted in complete removal of all NI aquatic plants from Emerald Bay and substantial cost savings each year after the initial large investment. Annual maintenance removal and monitoring will need to continue as long as NI aquatic plants continue to enter Emerald Bay on boats and currents from other areas of Lake Tahoe.

We estimated age-specific survival (ϕ), fecundity (b), and the finite rate of population change (λ) of California Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) over a 10-year period (1990–1999). Two hundred nineteen juvenile and 200 subadult or adult owls were banded at 90 sites, with a combined total of 1080 captures. Least-squares mean estimates (± SE) of fecundity (# female fledglings per territorial female) over all years were 0.065 ± 0.066 for subadults (n = 33) and 0.291 ± 0.065 for adults (n = 381). Estimated annual apparent survival probability was 0.333 ± 0.055 for juveniles and 0.827 ± 0.015 for subadults and adults combined. Using these estimates to construct a four-stage projection matrix, the finite rate of population change, λ̂, was 0.910 ± 0.025. This value of λ suggests an annual rate of decline in the territorial population of 9% per year over the period of study. Elasticity analyses showed λ to be most sensitive to variation in adult female survival. However, the standard deviation of λ was dominated by year-to-year variation in fecundity. Conservation guidelines should focus on management activities that increase the value of adult survival while minimizing its temporal variability. Demografía de Strix occidentalis occidentalis en el Noreste de California Resumen.  Estimamos la supervivencia (ϕ) y fecundidad (b) específicas por edad y la tasa discreta de crecimiento poblacional (λ) de Strix occidentalis occidentalis en un periodo de 10 años (1990–1999). Marcamos 219 lechuzas jóvenes y 200 adultas y subadultas en 90 localidades, para un total combinado de 1080 capturas. La estimación de la media (± ES) de fecundidad (número de pichones hembras por hembra territorial) fue 0.065 ± 0.066 en subadultos (n = 33) y 0.291 ± 0.065 en adultos (n = 381). La probabilidad estimada de supervivencia aparente fue 0.333 ± 0.055 para los jóvenes y 0.827 ± 0.015 para subadultos y adultos combinados. Usando tales estimaciones para construir una matriz de proyección de cuatro etapas, se obtiene una tasa discreta de cambio en la población, λ̂, de 0.910 ± 0.025. Este valor de λ indica una tasa anual decreciente del 9% en la población territorial durante el periodo estudiado. Los análisis de elasticidad indicaron que λ es más susceptible a la variación en la supervivencia de las hembras adultas. Sin embargo, la desviación medio de λ fue dominada por la variación interanual en la fecundidad. Las reglas de conservación deben concentrarse en actividades de manejo dirigidas a aumentar el nivel de supervivencia de hembras adultas y al mismo tiempo minimizar su variabilidad en el tiempo.