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A severe oak decline is taking place across the Mediterranean region since the 1980s. Among the climatic and biological factors involved in this complex syndrome, the longhorn C. welensii is currently considered a major element. Furthermore, larval damage to young or healthy trees is being increasingly important and thereby also the need to manage this emerging pest species. This paper deals with quantifying the adult populations in the field in order to evaluate the potential performance of mass trapping as control method against C. welensii. We used a mark-recapture protocol using feeding traps, which was complemented with some nocturnal observations and additional laboratory studies. Research was conducted in the Cornalvo Natural Park (southwestern Spain) during two consecutive years (2008)(2009). Data were analysed with classic closed population (CP) methods and Maximum Likelihood Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture (ML SECR) detection models. The results strongly supported the potential success of mass trapping as control method for C. welensii, including a high trapping efficiency (70-81%), relatively low adult population density for a pest species (316 and 265 adults/ha in 2008 and 2009), movement pattern of flying adults and highly aggregated distribution of adults in trees with traps. We also found experimental evidence that most adults come to the traps close to emergence as showed body appearance, longevity estimates and female reproductive age at trapping time. We discuss the practical achievement of mass trapping as control method integrating behavioural and ecological perspectives and, though a large-scale field validation is still lacking, we conclude that mass trapping may be a potential tool to manage C. welensii populations in dehesa open woodlands.

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1 Climate change is promoting alterations of a very diverse nature in the life cycle of an array of insect species, including changes in phenology and voltinism. In Spain, there is observational evidence that the moth Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff. (Lep.: Tortricidae), a key vine pest that is usually trivoltine in Mediterranean latitudes, tends to advance spring emergence, displaying a partial fourth additional flight, a fact that is potentially attributable to global warming. 2 To verify this hypothesis, local temperatures were correlated with L. botrana phenology in six vine-growing areas of southwestern Spain during the last two decades by exploiting the database of flight curves obtained with sexual pheromone traps. The dates of second and third flight peaks of the moth were calculated for each area and year and then correlated with both time (years) and local temperatures. 3 The results obtained demonstrated a noteworthy trend towards local warming (as a result of global warming) in the last two decades, with mean increases in annual and spring temperatures of 0.9 and 3.0 • C, respectively. Therefore, L. botrana phenology has significantly advanced by more than 12 days. Moreover, the phenological advance contributed to increased moth voltinism in 2006 by promoting a complete fourth additional flight, a fact that has never been reported previously to our knowledge in the Iberian Peninsula. 4 The potential impact of an earlier phenology and increased voltinism in L. botrana is discussed from an agro-ecological perspective.

The antioxidant properties of fresh black truffles (Tuber melanosporum)melanosporum) (T.) refrigerated at 4 °C 4 °C under different packaging conditions: air atmosphere (A), (A), reduced pressure (V), (V), mix 1% O 2 /99% N 2 (ON) and mix 40% CO 2 /60% N 2 (CN) were evaluated during 28 d 28 days of storage. The results were compared with the volatile fingerprint determined by SPME-GC/MS and with the phenolic antioxidants characterized by HPLC-MS/MS. HPLC-MS/MS. The total antioxidant content and the antioxidant activity decreased during the storage, regardless of the packaging method. The principal components component analysis (PCA) showed that the total antioxidant content was well correlated with low storage times, high antioxidant activity and three volatile aldehydes. In contrast, 2-propyl-butanoate and 2-nonen-1-ol inversely correlated with the antioxidant activity, as well as gentisic acid, which was the only phenolic antioxidant which increased during the storage. V, CN and ON were always better strategies than A to preserve the freshness of T. T. However, V is a valid and cheap alternative to normal atmosphere to prolong the shelf life for up to two weeks.

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Olive leaves are an important low-cost source of bioactive compounds. The present study aimed to examine the effect of in vitro digestibility of an olive leaf aqueous extract so as to prove the availability of its phenolic compounds as well as its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activity after a simulated digestion process. The total phenolic content was significantly higher in the pure lyophilized extract. Phenolic compounds, however, decreased by 60% and 90% in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), respectively. Regarding antioxidant activity, it was reduced by 10% and 50% after gastric and intestinal digestion, respectively; despite this fact, high antioxidant capacity was found in both SGF and SIF. Moreover, the olive leaf extract showed an unusual combined antimicrobial action at low concentration, which suggested their great potential as nutraceuticals, particularly as a source of phenolic compounds. Finally, olive leaf extracts produced a general dose-dependent cytotoxic effect against U937 cells. To sum up, these findings suggest that the olive leaf aqueous extract maintains its beneficial properties after a simulated digestion process, and therefore its regular consumption could be helpful in the management and the prevention of oxidative stress-related chronic disease, bacterial infection, or even cancer. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.