This paper summarizes some of the major principles of belief system theory and describes the method of value self-confrontation. An example of how value selfconfrontation can be used to modify environmental values is provided. The research on value self-confrontation is reviewed and critically evaluated. Although there is support for belief system theory and for the eficacy of value selfconfrontation as a means of inducing long-term change in important values, attitudes, and behaviors, a number of important questions remain unanswered. In particular, the psychological mechanisms underlying change in values, attitudes, and behaviors after value self-confrontation require clarijication and further study.Belief system theory (Ball-Rokeach, Rokeach, & Grube, 1984;Rokeach, 1968aRokeach, , 1968bRokeach, , 1973 provides a framework for understanding how attitudes, values, and behaviors are organized and the conditions under which they will remain stable or undergo change. Value self-confrontation is a method for initiat-

Values are an important and unique construct in social psychological research. In many ways they offer insight into human belief and behavior that other concepts, particularly attitudes, cannot provide. Milton Rokeach is remembered as a pioneer in the study of human belief and behavior, particularly in the study of values. In this essay we review the essential insights that Rokeach offered and the ways that those insights have been applied in the study of social issues such as racism, political behavior, social justice, and social change. We also briefly introduce the articles in this collection.

Whistleblowing and nonviolent action have a number of similarities and connections, yet seldom have they been discussed together. There are a number of lessons for whistleblowing from nonviolence, and vice versa. These are raised through a series of points about whistleblowing: that isolated resistance is ruthlessly crushed, that preparation is essential, that formal channels seldom work, that the strategy of mobilization can be powerful, and that whistleblowers seldom bring about change.

Although nonviolent predispositions are positively related to the self-transcendence value types of universalism (i.e., social justice, broadminded, a world at peace, wisdom, a world of beauty, unity with nature, wisdom, equality) and benevolence (i.e., helpful, forgiving, honest, loyal), militarism as defined by Nelson (1995) was hypothesized to be positively related to the self-enhancement value types of power (i.e., social power, wealth, preserving public image), achievement (i.e., successful, capable, ambitious), and hedonism (i.e., pleasure, enjoying life). Preliminary data support these relations.The world leaders of today are compelled to choose between military and nonmilitary solutions to the problems they face on an all too regular basis. Vietnam, Grenada, Panama, Kuwait, and Somalia have all seen the deployment of U.S. troops in attempts to resolve conflicts. Why were militaristic solutions undertaken in these situations but not in others? The noticeable late arrival of U.S. ground troops in Bosnia-Herzegovina where atrocities and genocide appear to be as grave as those experienced in World War I1 Germany makes one ask why not earlier.Values are the central components of an individual's personality and surround the self to maintain one's self-esteem whenever necessary and to enhance one's self-esteem whenever possible (Ball-Rokeach, Rokeach, & Grube, 1984). In addition, values serve as important criteria people use to resolve conflict (Rokeach, 1973), to justify their actions, and to interpret and evaluate their world (Schwartz, 1992).Requests for reprints should be sent to Daniel M. Mayton 11,

The purpose of this paper is to assess the relationships between selected value types and peace activist behavior in several countries. The participants in this study were college students from Idaho and California in the U.S., from London, England, and from Osaka, Japan; adults from the general population in the Pacific Northwest of the U.S. ; and physician-activists from New Zealand. Each respondent completed a written questionnaire, which included the Rokeach Value Survey-Form G and the Werner-Roy Peace Activism Scale. A significant relationship was found between the universalism value type and pro-freeze activist behaviors across several of the participant groups.Despite manifesting overwhelming attitudinal support for a mutual freeze on nuclear arms during the 1980s (e.g., Klineberg,

Individuals such as Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr. successfully employed nonviolent strategies to attain significant political goals. Despite the implications of their achievements, psychologists have rarely studied predispositions to nonviolent behavior empirically. The purpose of this article is to link the current literature on human values with the literature on nonviolence from a Gandhian perspective. This study investigates the relations among nonviolent personality predispositions (via the Nonviolence Test; Kool & Sen, 1984) and values (via the Values Questionnaire; Schwartz, 1992Schwartz, , 1994 in adolescents and adults in the western United States. The theoretical case is made that nonviolent predispositions are positively related to the value types of universalism, benevolence, and conformity. Some empirical support for these relationships is provided, and recommendations are made for future research on nonviolent personality predispositions.A considerable amount of research within the social psychological literature has focused on the topics of aggression and violence. These topics are an integral part of most introductory psychology as well as social psychology textbooks and courses. Unfortunately, nonviolence, a related but more positively focused topic, has not received as much attention. This is particularly troublesome, given the undeniable potential for the application of the psychology of nonviolence to Requests for reprints should be sent to

Nonviolence provides a means for conflict resolution without the negative effects of violence or aggression. Given the potential benefits of its application, several instruments have been developed to measure nonviolent dispositions. This article reviews the measures, which were identified via computer searches of the Psychological Ab-

Active nonviolence serves as both a means to achieve cultures of peace and represents the end goal of global cultures of peace. This article examines the nature of active nonviolence and encourages psychological thought and research to develop a deeper psychological understanding of the use of nonviolent actions to achieve political ends and to prevent the overdependence on violent responses to conflict. Research delineating the personal (values, cognitive factors) and societal (gender, cycles of violence) issues that are associated with nonviolent action are summarized and then the implications for nonviolent theory, research, and policy changes are discussed.In common parlance nonviolence is the act of abstaining from violence or physical force (Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 1976). From a peace psychologist's perspective, this definition is problematic, because a simple failure to act might be viewed as being nonviolent. The image of a nonviolent person from this definition might be an apathetic person who does not care to do anything or a cowardly person afraid to act. Typically, when the concept of nonviolence is discussed by peace psychologists, the discourse revolves around the political actions and writings of Mohandas K. Gandhi (1951) and Martin Luther King, Jr. (1963). From this frame of reference nonviolence implies much more than an "act of abstaining" and encompasses a positive, action component that is directed toward the reduction of social injustice and the building of cultures of peace. This view of nonviolence as an active process is consistent with UNESCO's Manifesto 2000 for a Culture of Peace and Nonviolence.Nonviolence, as an active behavior, falls clearly within the domain of psychology; however, to date only a relative handful of psychologists have written about