Optical coherence tomography is a promising, minimally invasive tool for real-time intraoperative optical diagnosis of tumors in the upper urinary tract. Our results warrant future research in a larger sample size to determine the accuracy of grading and staging by optical coherence tomography, and its possible implementation in the diagnostic algorithm for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma.

This report presents a case of paraneoplastic pemphigus in a 7‐year‐old female Bouvier. The dog initially showed extensive oral ulcerations that exacerbated upon treatment with trimethoprim‐sulfadiazine. Subsequently, the dog developed vesiculobullous and ulcerative lesions on the ear margins, the nose, periocular, and at the nail beds. Due to complete therapy resistance and a deteriorating general condition, the dog was euthanized. During post‐mortem examination a thymic lymphoma was found. While an early biopsy of the oral cavity revealed features of erythema multiforme, skin lesions at necropsy were typical of pemphigus vulgaris. Indirect immunofluorescence of patient serum revealed an antikeratinocyte membrane pattern typical for pemphigus. The serum was also positive on bovine bladder epithelium. In a Western blot, autoantibodies to a 210 and a 190 kDa protein were detected.

This report describes optical coherence tomography as a real-time, intraoperatively diagnostic modality in the diagnostic evaluation of upper tract urothelial carcinoma. We confirmed the ability of optical coherence tomography to visualize, grade and stage urothelial carcinoma in the upper urinary tract.

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Background The aim of this systematic review was to identify all methods to quantify intraoperative fluorescence angiography (FA) of the gastrointestinal anastomosis, and to find potential thresholds to predict patient outcomes, including anastomotic leakage and necrosis. Methods This systematic review adhered to the PRISMA guidelines. A PubMed and Embase literature search was performed. Articles were included when FA with indocyanine green was performed to assess gastrointestinal perfusion in human or animals, and the fluorescence signal was analysed using quantitative parameters. A parameter was defined as quantitative when a diagnostic numeral threshold for patient outcomes could potentially be produced. Results Some 1317 articles were identified, of which 23 were included. Fourteen studies were done in patients and nine in animals. Eight studies applied FA during upper and 15 during lower gastrointestinal surgery. The quantitative parameters were divided into four categories: time to fluorescence (20 studies); contrast-to-background ratio (3); pixel intensity (2); and numeric classification score (2). The first category was subdivided into manually assessed time (7 studies) and software-derived fluorescence–time curves (13). Cut-off values were derived for manually assessed time (speed in gastric conduit wall) and derivatives of the fluorescence–time curves (Fmax, T1/2, TR and slope) to predict patient outcomes. Conclusion Time to fluorescence seems the most promising category for quantitation of FA. Future research might focus on fluorescence–time curves, as many different parameters can be derived and the fluorescence intensity can be bypassed. However, consensus on study set-up, calibration of fluorescence imaging systems, and validation of software programs is mandatory to allow future data comparison.

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