Prostate cancer (PCa) is a disease of increasing medical significance worldwide. In developed countries, PCa is the most common non-skin cancer in men, and one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Exercise is one of the environmental factors that have been shown to influence cancer risk. Moreover, systemic reviews and meta-analysis have suggested that total physical activity is related to a decrease in the risk of developing PCa. In addition, epidemiological studies have shown that exercise, after diagnosis, has benefits regarding PCa development, and positive outcome in patients under treatment. The standard treatment for locally advanced or metastatic PCa is Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). ADT produces diverse side effects, including loss of libido, changes in body composition (increase abdominal fat), and reduced muscle mass, and muscle tone. Analysis of numerous research publications showed that aerobic and/or resistance training improve patient's physical condition, such us, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, physical function, body composition, and fatigue. Therefore, exercise might counteract several ADT treatment-induced side effects. In addition of the aforementioned benefits, epidemiological, and in vitro studies have shown that exercise might decrease PCa development. Thus, physical activity might attenuate the risk of PCa and supervised exercise intervention might improve deleterious effects of cancer treatment, such as ADT side effects. This review article provides evidence indicating that exercise could complement, and potentiate, the current standard treatments for advanced PCa, probably by creating an unfavorable microenvironment that can negatively affect tumor development, and progression.
Background: The shoulder complex, because of its relatively extensive freedom of motion, offers a great variety of testing positions and articular planes for strength examination. Despite this, reliability of results are not clearly addressed. A novel pulley electromechanical dynamometer (FED) (functional electronic dynamometer) could be an alternative in strength assessment, however, the relative and absolute reliability have not been reported in the literature. Objectives: To report the results of shoulder internal (IR) and rotators (ER) peak torque reliability in two assessment positions by FED in asymptomatic subjects. Methods: Fifty-two healthy college students were included and tested twice within a two week period. In a supine position, the subjects randomly performed four isometric strength tests (i.e. IR at 40°, IR at 90°, ER at 40°, and ER at 90°of shoulder abduction). Results: The intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) for relative reliability at 90°were 0.96 (0.94 -0.98) for IR and 0.94 (0.90 -0.96) for ER. ICC at 40°were 0.89 (0.80 -0.94) for IR and 0.97 (0.94 -0.98) for ER. Absolute reliability expressed as standard error of measurement compared to the mean (SEM%) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of minimal detectable change percentage (MDC%) at 90°w ere 8.8% (-20.8, 28.4%) and 11.4% (-28.0, 35.2%) for ER. MDC% at 40°were 12.6% (-35.5, 34.8%) for IR and 18.1% (-28.1, 35, 2%) for ER. Conclusions: Isometric strength testing protocol using FED showed an excellent reproducibility and can be safely used in clinical settings to monitor the strength changes in a group of individuals or in a single individual.
INTRODUCCIÓNEl informe del Ministerio de Educación de Chile, señala que un 44% de los estudiantes chilenos de octavo año básico (13 años), se encuentra con sobrepeso u obesidad y muy bajos niveles de rendimiento físico (1). La asociación entre ambas variables ha sido ampliamente estudiada, demostrando los efectos negativos de la obesidad infantil (2, 3), además existen componentes psicosociales que afectan el desarrollo personal de los niños.La obesidad produce problemas derivados de la falta de aceptación social y baja autoestima, observándose cada vez en edades más tempranas. En una sociedad en que el cuerpo es un referente de identidad personal y ante la presión social, aparecen cada vez con mayor frecuencia los trastornos asociados a la imagen corporal, generando una preocupación obsesiva por la figura y distorsión de la auto imagen (4). Chil Nutr Vol. 44, Nº1, 2017 En los niños, el sobrepeso genera una baja autoestima, por lo cual su imagen corporal es negativa y el rendimiento académico e interacción social se ven afectados por los sín-tomas depresivos y ansiosos (5). Factores como el rechazo de los compañeros, las burlas relacionadas con el peso, y las normas sociales internalizadas, juegan un papel importante en la disminución de la autoestima de un niño obeso, afectando numerosos aspectos de la salud y el comportamiento, incluyendo el ajuste social, el compromiso de actividad, la dirección objetivo y la presencia de ansiedad (6). RevEn niños y jóvenes, la actividad física (AF) tiene el potencial de actuar positivamente en aspectos sicológicos y sociales como la autoestima, influir beneficiosamente en la función cerebral y cognición (7). Sin embargo, existen escasos estudios en el sistema escolar, que comparen los beneficios de la práctica de actividad física con distintas frecuencias a
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