This Directory represents the start of a research program directed towards the creation of a human abilities matrix which cross-references data on real world jobs, laboratory performance tasks, and human performance models. The matrix will use the abilities requirements approach of Fleishman & Quaintance (1984) as the unifying element among these three dimensions. The present effort compiles; and cross-references information on computer-based performance assessment batteries and models/theories of human performance. Data from ten batteries, one hundred twenty-three tasks, and seven models have been included. For the performance batteries, this information includes availability/acquisition details as well as computer hardware and software characteristics. This document, then, enables researchers to quickly access such data as well as to ascertain those areas in which a paucity of data exists. In general, it appears that current computerized performance batteries emphasize measurement of those characteristics which are most readily measured by computer, without regard for the applicability of such measurement to enhancement of real-world tasks. In particular, a dearth of laboratory tasks with which to assess certain cognitive abilities was noted. This deficiency is regarded as particularly critical in light of the increased reliance on such abilities for performance on modern military and civilian jobs. Difficulties encountered and recommendations for future efforts are presented. NTSC TR86-020 ' IV NTSC TR86-020 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. NTSC TR86-020 MB. ABILITY CATALOG (cont.) Response Orientation _ ^. .
H a r r i s C o r p o r a t i on * Melbourne, Fla. ABSTRACT S i x t y -f o u r male and t h i r t y -t w o female s u b j e c t s each performed a CRT p u r s u i t t r a c k i n g t a s k i n Females recorded one o f t h e e i g h t c o n d i t i o n s created by combinations o f t a s k d i f f i c u l t y ( s i m p l e versus complex), e v a l u a t i v e audience presence versus absence, and w a l l c o l o r ( r e d versus green). s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r e r r o r scores, were l e s s aroused and more s e n s i t i v e t o ambient c o l p r than were t h e i r male counterparts. t r a c k i n g performance. t h e present research. Further, audience presence was found t o enhance male and i m p a i r female Results suggest t h a t d i f f e r e n t i a l s i n s u b j e c t m o t i v a t i o n may have a f f e c t e d According t o arousal theory, t h e r e i s an optimal l e v e l o f arousal f o r behavioral e ff i c i e n c y i n t h e performance o f a given t a s k (e:g. , Welford, 1976; Duffy, 1962). p r i a t e l y l o w arousal l e v e l s a r e associated w i t h slowed and/or o m i t t e d responses w h i l e overarousal i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by commisive e r r o r s and disorganized response p a t t e r n s . An i n d i v i d u a l ' s l e v e l o f arousal has been r e p o r t e d t o be responsive t o changes i n complexi t y o f t h e experimental task (e.g. , Kahneman, 1973), ambient c o l o r (e.g., Plack and Shick, 1974), and t h e e v a l u a t i v e n a t u r e and/or presence o f o t h e r s (e.g. , Chapman, 1974). Such research r e v e a l s t h a t h i g h e r l e v e l s o f arousal a r e associated w i t h complex r a t h e r than simple tasks, w i t h r e d r a t h e r than green surroundings, and w i t h presence r a t h e r than absence o f an e v a l u a t i v e audience. Men and women have been found t o d i f f e r e nSinger (1978) has warned t h a t gender * Research conducted a t North C a r o l i n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y and supported, i n p a r t , by t r a i n i n g g r a n t funds provided by t h e National I n s t i t u t e o f Occupational S a f e t y and H e a l t h (No. 1-T15-OH-0701). v a t i o n a l v a r i a b l e s may confound the genderpsyc homo t o r performance r e F u r t h e r , Be1 1 , e t . a l . (1982) i n d i c a t e d t h a t physioMethods . Subjects -S i x t y -f o u r male and t h i r t y -t w o female i n t r o d u c t o r y psychology student volunteers (age range 17-49, mean 20.4) were employed. Each s u b j e c t was p a i d two d o l l a r s and those i nd i v i d u a l s who recorded t h e lowest t r a c k i n g e r r o r score i n each experimental group received an a d d i t i o n a l t e n d o l l a r bonus.Apparatus -A p u r s u i t t r a c k i n g t a s k employing a lOxl3cm CRT d i s p l a y was s i t u a t e d i n a 175xl75cm t e s t chamber, one w a l l o f which was p a i n t e d e i t h e r r e d o r green ( P i t t s b u r g h P a i n t s number "7165 and N7396, r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . I n the simple t...
This Directory represents the start of a research program directed towards the creation of a human abilities matrix which cross-references data on real world jobs, laboratory performance tasks, and human performance models. The matrix will use the abilities requirements approach of Fleishman & Quaintance (1984) as the unifying element among these three dimensions. The present effort compiles; and cross-references information on computer-based performance assessment batteries and models/theories of human performance. Data from ten batteries, one hundred twenty-three tasks, and seven models have been included. For the performance batteries, this information includes availability/acquisition details as well as computer hardware and software characteristics. This document, then, enables researchers to quickly access such data as well as to ascertain those areas in which a paucity of data exists. In general, it appears that current computerized performance batteries emphasize measurement of those characteristics which are most readily measured by computer, without regard for the applicability of such measurement to enhancement of real-world tasks. In particular, a dearth of laboratory tasks with which to assess certain cognitive abilities was noted. This deficiency is regarded as particularly critical in light of the increased reliance on such abilities for performance on modern military and civilian jobs. Difficulties encountered and recommendations for future efforts are presented. NTSC TR86-020 ' IV NTSC TR86-020 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. NTSC TR86-020 MB. ABILITY CATALOG (cont.) Response Orientation _ ^. .
Los Alamos National Laboratory has recognized that security infractions are often the consequence of various types of human errors (e.g., mistakes, lapses, slips) and/or breaches (i.e., deliberate deviations from policies or required procedures with no intention to bring about an adverse security consequence) and therefore has established an error reduction program based in part on the techniques used to mitigate hazard and accident potentials. One cornerstone of this program, definition of the situational and personal factors that increase the likelihood of employee errors and breaches, is detailed here. This information can be used retrospectively (as in accident investigations) to support and guide inquiries into security incidents or prospectively (as in hazard assessments) to guide efforts to reduce the likelihood of error/incident occurrence. Both approaches provide the foundation for targeted interventions to reduce the influence of these factors and for the formation of subsequent “lessons learned.” Overall security is enhanced not only by reducing the inadvertent releases of classified information but also by reducing the security and safeguards resources devoted to them, thereby allowing these resources to be concentrated on acts of malevolence.
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