The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase One showed large worldwide variations in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema, up to 10 to 20 fold between countries. Ecological analyses were undertaken with ISAAC Phase One data to explore factors that may have contributed to these variations, and are summarised and reviewed here.In ISAAC Phase One the prevalence of symptoms in the past 12 months of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema were estimated from studies in 463,801 children aged 13 - 14 years in 155 centres in 56 countries, and in 257,800 children aged 6-7 years in 91 centres in 38 countries. Ecological analyses were undertaken between symptom prevalence and the following: Gross National Product per capita (GNP), food intake, immunisation rates, tuberculosis notifications, climatic factors, tobacco consumption, pollen, antibiotic sales, paracetamol sales, and outdoor air pollution.Symptom prevalence of all three conditions was positively associated with GNP, trans fatty acids, paracetamol, and women smoking, and inversely associated with food of plant origin, pollen, immunisations, tuberculosis notifications, air pollution, and men smoking. The magnitude of these associations was small, but consistent in direction between conditions. There were mixed associations of climate and antibiotic sales with symptom prevalence.The potential causality of these associations warrant further investigation. Factors which prevent the development of these conditions, or where there is an absence of a positive correlation at a population level may be as important from the policy viewpoint as a focus on the positive risk factors. Interventions based on small associations may have the potential for a large public health benefit.

In this study, the effects of different variables of child labor on academic performance are investigated. To this end, 3,302 children participating in the child labor eradication program "Edúcame Primero Colombia" were interviewed. The interview format used for the children's enrollment into the program was a template from which socioeconomic conditions, academic performance, and child labor variables were evaluated. The academic performance factor was determined using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The data were analyzed through a logistic regression model that took into account children who engaged in a type of labor (n=921). The results showed that labor conditions, the number of weekly hours dedicated to work, and the presence of work scheduled in the morning negatively affected the academic performance of child laborers. These results show that the relationship between child labor and academic performance is based on the conflict between these two activities. These results do not indicate a linear and simple relationship associated with the recognition of the presence or absence of child labor. This study has implications for the formulation of policies, programs, and interventions for preventing, eradicating, and attenuating the negative effects of child labor on the social and educational development of children.

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Por ejemplo, es habitual que los investigadores traten de resumir y presentar sus resultados a través de la agrupación de individuos en diques, la elaboración de sociogramas y árboles de parentesco, o la aplicación de diferentes formas de escalamiento multidimensional, entre otros procedimientos. Por lo general, estas estrategias sirven para identificar la existencia de agrupaciones de individuos o para mostreu-conjuntos de actores que ocupan posiciones sociales equivalentes (Freeman, 2005). La representación visual de las relaciones tiene un enorme poder descriptivo y se cuenta entre los elementos del análisis de redes que suscita mayor interés e impacto entre los destinatarios de la investigación.Las técnicas gráficas se utilizan preferentemente con fines exploratorios. Las imágenes permiten examinar los patrones de los datos relaciónales, de modo que puedan ser contrastados con análisis estadísticos a continuación. Ese fue el en-

This study analyzed the metropolitan lifestyle with a representative personal networks survey of the population of Alcalá de Guadaíra (n = 403), in the urban environment of Seville (SW Spain). A factorial analysis with density, centralization, number of cliques and the number of components allowed differentiating two dimensions of variability in personal networks related to cohesion and fragmentation of the network structure. The frequency of interurban travel plays a decisive role in the development of a metropolitan lifestyle, and is associated with a lower structural cohesion of personal networks and with some moderation in the original sense of community. Based on the results, we question the hypothesis of community decline in metropolitan contexts.

In recent years social network analysis has been used for research and action in community contexts. Specifically, the social network analysis has been used in program evaluation, participatory governance, the selection of health agents, participatory sociograms and involvement of key players in the intervention. Network analysis is also part of strategies for empowerment, community mediation, community coalitions and dissemination of preventive messages, among others. In this monograph some of these issues are present, with studies of inter-organizational networks to provide services; chains of researchers and professionals in the transference of science into practice; the structure of personal networks in community settings; as well as social support resources. In the introduction to the monograph we reflect on the potential of network analysis in the context of social and community intervention.

Cómo citar este artículo: Vera-Márquez, A. V., et al. Identidad social y procesos de adaptación de niños víctimas de violencia política en Colombia. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología (2015), http://dx.

Resumen: El desplazamiento forzado en Colombia es un fenómeno que ha modificado la estructura sociodemográfica del país y que se relaciona con las desigualdades sociales (DANE, 2012). En este artículo abordamos el impacto del desplazamiento en la configuración de las redes de apoyo social de la población desplazada. Realizamos un estudio comparativo analizando un grupo de personas desplazadas (n = 30) y no desplazadas (n = 32) en el Departamento del Atlántico de la región Caribe en Colombia. Un análisis de conglomerados, tomando como variables de agrupación los indicadores de cohesión, sirvió para identificar dos tipos de redes personales: 1) las que presentan un nivel intermedio de densidad y niveles moderadamente altos de centralización y 2) otras con niveles altos de densidad y bajos en centralización. Ambas categorías se distribuyen de forma parecida entre el colectivo de desplazados y el resto de la población. Sin embargo, las redes personales de los desplazados cuentan en su composición con una proporción mayor de personas residentes fuera de Barranquilla. La disponibilidad de recursos de capital social es menor en las redes de tipo más denso y entre los desplazados que llevan menos de cinco años residiendo en Barranquilla.Palabras clave: Análisis estructural, cohesión social, Colombia, desplazamiento, redes personales. DESPLAZAMIENTO FORZADO EN EL CONTEXTO INTERNACIONALLos movimientos de población ocasionados por los conflictos armados y por situaciones de inestabilidad sociopolítica constituyen un problema de largo alcance en muchos países. En el caso concreto de que los refugiados se trasladen dentro de las fronteras de un mismo país se habla de "desplazamiento interno" (Cohen and Deng, 1998). Los cambios y las dificultades Abstract: Forced displacement in Colombia is a phenomenon that has changed the sociodemographic structure of the country and that is related to social inequalities (DANE, 2012). In this paper we address the impact of geographical relocation on the configuration of social support networks of the displaced population. Displaced (n = 30) and nondisplaced individuals (n = 32) are compared in the Atlantic Department of the Caribbean region in Colombia. Through cluster analysis two types of personal networks were identified: 1) those with an intermediate level of density and moderately high levels of centralization and 2) personal networks with high levels of density and low levels of centralization. Both categories are distributed similarly among the group of displaced people and the rest of the population. The personal networks of displaced people have a higher proportion of individuals residing outside Barranquilla. There is also less availability of social support in denser personal networks and among the displaced individuals are residing less than five years in Barranquilla.