In Portugal, it is estimated that chronic pain affects 36.7% of the population, constituting a multifactorial phenomenon with great impact on individual, family, community, and social levels. In the fear-avoidance model of pain, one of the most consistent consensus in the literature, the fear arises as one of the variables that can contribute to the development and maintenance of this condition. Thus, instruments for evaluating the fear of pain, as Fear of Pain Questionnaire (FPQ-III), may be useful in the conceptualization of the subjective experience of pain. Accordingly, this paper aims to describe the adaptation of FPQ-III to the European Portuguese idiom. A total of 1,094 participants (795 female; mean age=25.16, SD=7.72 years old) completed the web based questionnaire. The results point to a different factor model found in the first study of the original scale (five factors: minor pain, severe pain, medical pain, injection pain, and afflicted pain), good internal consistency (0.75 to 0.85) and good correlations (between 0.30 and 0.59) between subscales and (between 0.68 e 0.85) for the total score and subscales. Given the need to meet the various dimensions of the subjective experience of pain, the Fear of Pain Questionnaire is assumed as a useful tool that, in combination with other tools, may contribute to the evaluation and intervention procedures progressively more comprehensive and adjusted to the challenges raised with the issue of chronic pain.
In Portugal, it is estimated that chronic pain affects 36.7% of the population, constituting a multifactorial phenomenon with great impact at individual, family, community, and social levels. In the fear-avoidance model of pain, one of the most consistent consensual in the literature, the fear arises as one of the variables that can contribute to the development and maintenance of this condition. Thus, instruments for evaluating the fear of pain, as Fear of Pain Questionnaire (FPQ-III), may be useful in the conceptualization of the subjective experience of pain. Accordingly, this paper aims to describe the adaptation of FPQ-III for the European Portuguese. A total of 1094 participants (795 women; mean age=25.16, SD=7.72) completed the web based questionnaire. The results pointed to a different factor solution found in the first study of the original scale (five factors: minor pain, severe pain, medical pain, injection pain, and afflicted pain), good internal consistency (.75-.85) and good correlations (between .30 and .59) between subscales and (between .68 and .85) for the total score and subscales. Given the need to meet the various dimensions of subjective experience of pain, the Fear of Pain Questionnaire is assumed as a useful tool, in combination with other, may contribute to the evaluation and intervention procedures progressively more comprehensive and adjusted to the challenges raised with the issue of chronic pain.
BackgroundDistinct experimental studies have been conducted in persons with chronic pain in order to explore possible attentional bias towards pain related stimuli. One of the most applied experimental paradigms, in this context, is the emotional stroop task in which words with different emotional content are presented to the subjects (Andersson & Haldrup, 2003). This task appears as a relevant tool to investigate the role of emotional mechanisms in the modulation of attentional resources in chronic pain conditions (Asmundson, Wright & Hadjistavropoulos, 2005).ObjectivesExplore the possible modulation of attentional resources and executive control processes by pain related stimuli in people with Fibromyalgia (FM).MethodsAn emotional stroop paradigm was presented to 22 women diagnosed with Fibromyalgia (FM; M =53.64 years, SD =8.92) and 21 controls (M =46.95 years, SD =9.74). Participants were asked to point out the color of different words that were distributed in alternate blocks of pain related words or neutral words. Pain related stimuli were extracted from the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Neutral words were selected from a dictionary taking “Diccionario de frecuencias de las unidades linguísticas del Castellano” (Alameda & Cuetos, 1995) into consideration psycholinguist similarities with the pain selected words. These stimuli were then tested and validated in another group of participants with FM.ResultsFrom the mixed design ANOVA applied the results showed significant differences in the group (F[1,41]=4.482, p=0.040). The posthoc analysis yielded significant differences between groups (p<0.05). When compared to controls, participants with FM revealed a higher rate of errors in the color identification of the words, regardless of the emotional content.ConclusionsOverall, the results support the hypothesis that people with FM may have more difficulties in the inhibition and executive control of an automatic response (reading) and, in this context, the emotional content of the word does not have a specific impact in the measured behavioral outcomes (no differences according to the word emotional valence). Even so and to explore further the question of attentional bias towards pain related information in FM, it is crucial to collect and conjugate other type of indicators, such as electrophysiological activity (event-related potentials) and self-report measures.ReferencesAlameda, J. R., & Cuetos, F. (1995). Diccionario de frecuencias de las unidades linguísticas del Castellano. Oviedo: Servicio de publicaciones de la Universidad de Oviedo.Andersson, G., & Haldrup, D. (2003). Personalized pain words and Stroop interference in chronic pain patients. European Journal of Pain, 7, 431–438. doi:10.1016/S1090-3801(03)00002-8Asmundson, G., Wright, K & Hadjistavropoulos, H. (2005). Hypervigilance and attentional fixedness in chronic musculoskeletal pain: Consistency of findings across modified stroop and dot-probe tasks. The Journal of Pain, 6 (8), 497–506.AcknowledgementsSupported by the grant from Fundação para a Ciência e...
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