The role of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) in bacterial pneumonia was characterized. Mice were challenged with Klebsiella pneumoniae intratracheally, and organs were harvested at 8, 24, and 48 h. Inoculation with K. pneumoniae resulted in the time-dependent expression of MIP-2 mRNA and protein within the lung, which was maximal 48 h after inoculation. Mice were then passively immunized with rabbit anti-murine MIP-2 serum intraperitoneally 2 h before administration of K. pneumoniae. Treatment with anti-MIP-2 serum resulted in a 60% decrease in lung neutrophil (PMNL) influx and a significant increase in K. pneumoniae colony-forming units in both lung and liver homogenates. Finally, treatment with anti-MIP-2 serum decreased early (48-72 h) but not late (after 72 h) survival in animals with Klebsiella pneumonia. This study indicates that MIP-2 is produced during Klebsiella pneumonia and inhibition of MIP-2 bioactivity in vivo results in decreased PMNL influx and lung bacterial clearance in murine Klebsiella pneumonia. MIP-2 is produced during Klebsiella pneumonia and inhibition of MIP-2 bioactivity in vivo results in decreased PMNL influx and lung bacterial clearance in murine Klebsiella pneumonia.

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The one tick-borne disease that rarely comes under the auspices of the infectious disease specialist is not caused by an infectious agent, but is tick paralysis. This condition is caused by tick bite and typically presents as a flaccid ascending paralysis. This article discusses this entity partly because of completeness, but also because tick paralysis, or tick toxicosis as it is sometimes called, is worth the infectious disease consultant's consideration. The differential diagnosis includes entities that are infectious or caused by toxins of infectious agents, such as epidural abscess, some causes of transverse myelitis, and botulism. Lastly, in an era of antibiotic toxicity, multidrug-resistant bacteria, antigen-switching viruses, and complex antibiotic regimens, the cure for tick paralysis-removing the tick-is as simple as it is gratifying.

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The development of organ dysfunction is a key contributor to morbidity and mortality in sepsis. End-tidal carbon dioxide levels measured by non-invasive end-tidal capnography (ETCO2) may provide a rapid assessment of a patient's underlying metabolic status. The objective of this study was to explore the association between ETCO2 and (1) organ dysfunction [sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score], and (2) serum lactate levels in febrile emergency department (ED) patients. Prospective, observational cohort study of a convenience sample of 97 adult (age 18 years or older) patients presented to an academic urban ED with a fever and suspected infection. The outcomes were ED SOFA score and serum lactate level. Based on prior studies, we categorized an ETCO2 <35 mmHg, a priori, as abnormal for the exposure. We defined clinically significant organ failure as a SOFA score of >2, and an abnormal lactate as >4 mmol/L. The correlation of ETCO2 with SOFA and lactate level was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient. Operating characteristics were calculated with 95% confidence intervals, along with the area under the curve (AUC). Among 97 patients enrolled, 5 (5%) had an abnormal lactate and 34 (35%) had a SOFA score >2. A significant correlation was found between ETCO2 and SOFA score (r = -0.35, p < 0.01), and ETCO2 and lactate level (r = -0.35, p < 0.01). A receiver operator curve for ETCO2 and SOFA >2 had an AUC of 0.69. ETCO2 of <35 has a sensitivity of 0.73 (95% CI 0.56-0.85) and specificity 0.50 (0.38-0.62) in predicting SOFA scores >2. ETCO2 <35 has a sensitivity of 0.60 (0.22-0.88) and specificity 0.42 (0.32-0.52) in predicting lactate >4 with an AUC of 0.62. We found a small, but statistically significant correlation, between ETCO2 and SOFA scores; however, based on questionable operating characteristics, the test seems to have limited ability to meaningfully impact clinical decision making. Larger confirmatory studies are required before final assessment.

Background: Implementation of rapid response systems to identify deteriorating patients in the inpatient setting has demonstrated improved patient outcomes. A ''trigger'' system using vital sign abnormalities to initiate evaluation by physician was recently described as an effective rapid response method.