The waste treatment, particularly the thermal treatment of waste has changed fundamentally in the last 20 years, i.e. from facilities solely dedicated to the thermal treatment of waste to facilities, which in addition to that ensure the safe plant operation and fulfill very ambitious criteria regarding emission reduction, resource recovery and energy efficiency as well. Therefore this contributes to the economic use of raw materials and due to the energy recovered from waste also to the energy provision. The development described had the consequence that waste and solid recovered fuels (SRF) has to be evaluated based on fuel criteria as well. Fossil fuels - coal, crude oil, natural gas etc. have been extensively investigated due to their application in plants for energy conversion and also due to their use in the primary industry. Thereby depending on the respective processes, criteria on fuel technical properties can be derived. The methods for engineering analysis of regular fuels (fossil fuels) can be transferred only partially to SRF. For this reason methods are being developed or adapted to current analytical methods for the characterization of SRF. In this paper the possibilities of the energetic utilization of SRF and the characterization of SRF before and during the energetic utilization will be discussed.

In terms of analyzing and modeling conditioned dry absorption, an unbiased view on the injected hydrated lime particles is needed. Multiple investigations on the reaction mechanisms are reported in the literature. Nevertheless, outstanding issues still exist as a necessary conservation in the time between the particle sampling and analysis as well as the suitability of the analyzing methods itself has been regarded only roughly yet. Thus, in this work TGA, XRD, and SEM-EDS were used for analyzing Ca(OH) 2 -CaCl 2 •2H 2 O-mixtures. TGA turned out to be inappropriate as the composition of the mixture changes during analysis. A cooling of the particle samples down to 277.15 K under air exclusion proved to be a sufficient conservation method for the time span between sampling and analysis.

Die vorwiegend in urbanen Ballungsräumen liegenden Krematorien erfüllen die Emissionsgrenzwerte nach der 27. BImSchV meist zuverlässig. In dieser ist für die als gesundheitsschädlich eingestuften Substanzen Quecksilber (Hg) und Feinstaub kein Grenzwert angegeben. In diesem Beitrag wird der Stand des Wissens aus Publikationen und eigenen Untersuchungen zur Freisetzung von Quecksilber im Kremationsprozess und zur Situation der Feinstaubemissionen analysiert. Aus den dargestellten Wirkmechanismen der verschiedenen Abgasreinigungstechniken werden anschließend Optimierungsmöglichkeiten für die weitere Minderung der Emissionen von Hg und Feinstaub abgeleitet.

Usage of Alternative Fuels in Power PlantsAlternative fuels can substitute standard fuels directly, e.g., in coal-fired power plants, or indirectly, e.g., as gaseous or liquid fuels produced via thermochemical conversion. They range from untreated biomass and biogenic waste to fuels with biogenic components. The efficient use of biogenic alternative fuels is an important pillar in regard to the CO 2 reduction plan of the German Federal Government and its aim for a 100 % renewable electric power supply. Based on a detailed fuel characterization the process specific requirements for co-firing in power plants are analyzed and the energetic efficiencies of various process chains are evaluated.

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