SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin This series presents research findings based either directly on data from the German SocioEconomic Panel Study (SOEP) or using SOEP data as part of an internationally comparable data set (e.g. CNEF, ECHP, LIS, LWS, CHER/PACO). SOEP is a truly multidisciplinary household panel study covering a wide range of social and behavioral sciences:

These MRX based measurement and analysis procedures have substantially supported the development of MNP based biomedical applications.

No abstract

Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in

Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Offshoring, tasks, and the skill-wage pattern Daniel Baumgarten, Ingo Geishecker, and Holger Görg Abstract: The paper investigates the relationship between offshoring, wages, and the ease with which individuals' tasks can be offshored. Our analysis relates to recent theoretical contributions arguing that there is only a loose relationship between the suitability of a task for offshoring and the associated skill level. Accordingly, wage effects of offshoring can be very heterogeneous within skill groups. We test this hypothesis by combining micro-level information on wages and demographic and workplace characteristics as well as occupational infor-mation relating to the degree of offshorability with industry-level data on offshoring. Our main results suggest that in partial equilibrium, wage effects of offshoring are fairly modest but far from homogeneous and depend significantly on the extent to which the respective task requires personal interaction or can be described as non-routine. When allowing for cross-industry movement of workers, i.e., looking at a situation closer to general equilibrium, the magnitude of the wage effects of offshoring becomes substantial. Low-and mediumskilled workers experience significant wage cuts due to offshoring which, however, again strongly depend on the degree of personal interaction and non-routine content. Terms of use: Documents in

In magnetic nanoparticle imaging, magnetic nanoparticles are coated and functionalized to bind to specific targets. After measuring their magnetic relaxation or remanence, their distribution can be determined by means of inverse methods. The reconstruction algorithm presented in this paper includes first a dipole fit using a Levenberg-Marquardt optimizer to determine the reconstruction plane. Secondly, a minimum norm estimate is obtained on a regular grid placed in that plane. Computer simulations involving different parameter sets and conditions show that the used approach allows for the reconstruction of distributed sources, although the reconstructed shapes are distorted by blurring effects. The reconstruction quality depends on the signal-to-noise ratio of the measurements and decreases with larger sensor-source distances and higher grid spacings. In phantom measurements, the magnetic remanence of nanoparticle columns with clinical relevant sizes is determined with two common measurement systems. The reconstructions from these measurements indicate that the approach is applicable for clinical measurements. Our results provide parameter sets for successful application of minimum norm approaches to Magnetic Nanoparticle Imaging.

For biomagnetical applications exploiting physical properties of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP), e.g., magnetic hyperthermia, knowledge about the quantitative spatial MNP distribution is crucial, which can be extracted by magnetorelaxometry (MRX) imaging. In this paper, we present quantification, quantitative 1D reconstruction, and quantitative 2D imaging of MNP by exploiting optically pumped magnetometers for MRX. While highlighting the potential of commercially available optically pumped magnetometers (OPM) for MRXI, we discuss current limitations of the used OPM. We show, that with our OPM setup, MNP can be precisely quantified with iron amounts down to ≈6 μg, which can be improved easily. With a 1D-reconstruction setup, point-like and complex MNP phantoms can be reconstructed quantitatively with high precision and accuracy. We show that with our developed 2D MRX imaging setup, which measures 12 cm by 8 cm, point-like MNP distributions with clinically relevant iron concentrations can be reconstructed precisely and accurately. Our 2D setup has the potential to be easily extended to a tomography styled (and thus slice-selective) 3D scanner, by adding a mechanical axis to the phantom.

An increase in the ratio of SG&A costs to sales is associated with contradictory interpretations, namely a negative one due to deficient cost control and a positive one derived primarily from “cost stickiness.” Based on these conflicting explanations, we argue that it is crucial to distinguish between whether an increase in the ratio of SG&A costs to sales is actually intended by management in order to enhance future profitability. We regard an increase as intended if a company’s past SG&A ratio was below its industry average, representing efficiency in SG&A cost management. Indeed, these intended increases significantly enhance future earnings. We attribute this positive impact to lower future cost of goods sold and show that it is particularly strong if there is ample latitude for reduction of these costs. This finding suggests that intended SG&A expenditures partially represent investments in operating efficiency.