The antiplasmodial and safety profile of alkaloid, flavonoid and phenol extracts of Sida acuta (300 and 600 mg/kgbw) on hepatic and renal integrity of rats were investigated. Alkaloid, flavonoid and phenol extracts produce parasitaemia suppression of 50.83%, 33.50% and 64.64%, respectively. Sub-chronic administration of the phytochemicals caused marked (p < 0.05) dosedependent increase in erythrocytic and leucocytic indices while serum ALP, AST, ALT, albumin, urea and creatinine concentrations compared well (p > 0.05) with the controls. Total proteins, sodium and chloride levels were altered in rats treated with 300 mg/kgbw of the phytochemicals. The integrity of hepatocytes and renal cells increases with increase extract concentrations and no degenerative changes were observed in all treatment groups. However, flavonoid extract caused severe renal vacuolation at 300 mg/kgbw which cleared out at 600 mg/kgbw. Conclusively, phenol exhibited higher antiplasmodial activities and safety profile and thus could be considered a potential candidate for the development of a new drug.
Background
The present study evaluated the phytochemical profiles, anti-oxidants, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-arthritic and wound healing effect of methanol and ethyl-acetate extracts of Azanza garckeana.
Results
Methanol extract had higher phenol, flavonoids and alkaloids concentrations, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities than ethyl-acetate extract. Ethyl-acetate and methanol extracts had IC50 of 119.40 μg/mL and 133.49 μg/mL respectively against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) radicals. The extracts were more active against Klebsiella pneumonia while the least activity was recoded against Bacillus subtilis with methanol been most potent than ethyl-acetate. The IC50 value of methanol extract in inhibition of protein denaturation were 310.44 μg/mL and 315.27 μg/mL while IC50 value of 354.74 μg/mL and 349.57 μg/mL were recorded for membrane stabilization effect in bovine serum albumin (BSA) and egg albumin (EGA) assays respectively. There was dose dependent in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities with highest percentage paw oedema inhibitions of 51.68% and analgesia of 46.36% at 600 mg/kg bw of the methanol extract. The extract caused dosed independent increase percentage wound closure with percentage wound contraction range between 65.24 ± 2.46 and 69.68 ± .2.54 compare to untreated wound (15.35 ± 0.35 to 50.35 ± 2.35%).
Conclusion
This study lends pharmacological support to folkloric usage of Azanza garckeana in the treatment and management of several human disease.
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