Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) has begun a revolution in the domain of language pedagogy. Before the presence of technology, learning a language with the old-fashioned methods could not meet the learners' needs and what they expected from language for an effective communication. In addition, in the absence of software programming and so many other facilities by which learners could enhance their language abilities quickly, learning came to be tediously time-consuming. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to introduce some features of Computer-assisted Language Learning approaches and the related studies that have been carried out in this area. The pros and cons of this pervasive approach have been reviewed to show that this method can practically permeate through all language skills. On the basis of the analysis done by many researchers, it was found out that CALL can be so much applicable to both language learning and teaching in and out of the classroom. Most scholars unanimously emphasize that the use of computer and Internet can facilitate learning, particularly learning the second language. Beside some of its drawbacks, this approach reinforces the notion that the advantages of applying CALL in educational environment outweigh its disadvantages. It is also believed that it can be more beneficial and strategic than the traditional methodologies in the modern world. There are some software tools that have been analysed in the paper and the results are reported. The paper concludes how applying CALL system in and out of any educational centers can perfectly alleviate the difficulties of learning for students and significantly help the pedagogical methods become more productive. This paper has reviewed the pros and cons of the use of technologies, particularly computers and software applied to language learners to find out to what extent they can further the process of language learning.
The photon interactions with the soft tissue have been discussed mainly in terms of mass attenuation coefficient, mass energy absorption coefficient, kerma relative to air, effective atomic number and energy absorption buildup factor in the energy range 0.01e10 MeV and penetration depth up to 40 mfp (by using GP fitting method). Over past 2 decades, interest has been growing for theoretical and computational works on photon buildup factor in soft tissue. Actually, besides dosimetry, in radiation therapy and imaging the buildup of X-and gamma photons introduces remarkable error.
Abstract:Bremsstrahlung photon beams produced by medical linear accelerators are currently the most commonly used method of radiation therapy for cancerous tumors. Photons with energies greater than 8-10 MeV potentially generate neutrons through photonuclear interactions in the accelerator's treatment head, patient's body, and treatment room ambient. Electrons impinging on a heavy target generate a cascade shower of bremsstrahlung photons which energy spectrum shows an end point equal to the electron beam energy. By varying the target thickness, an optimum thickness exists for which, at the given electron energy, maximum photon flux is achievable. If a source of high-energy photons i.e. bremsstrahlung, is conveniently directed to a suitable D2O target, a novel approach for production of an acceptable flux of filterable photoneturons for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) application is possible. This study consists of two parts: 1. Comparison and assessment of deuterium photonuclear cross section data. 2. Evaluation of heavy water photonuclear source.
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