Background:Clinical pharmacy activities in a pediatric inpatient department help to improve the management of patients clinically and economically.Objective:To assess the relevance of pharmaceutical interventions (PIs) in a pediatric inpatient department in Abidjan (Cote d’Ivoire).Materials and Methods:We carried out a cross-sectional, descriptive study from February to September 2014. The information collected was classified according to the classification of drug-related problems (DRPs) and PIs of the French Society of Clinical Pharmacy. The score assigned to each PI varied from PI0 (without direct clinical impact) to PI3 (vital clinical impact) as the importance of the potential clinical impact of the DRP was correlated to the severity of clinical consequences avoided by the PI. The relevance of PIs was assessed by their rate of acceptance by physicians and by the analysis of their clinical impact.Results:A total of 116 PIs were performed with 31% performed during medical rounds, 68.1% during patients’ records analysis, and 0.1% on patient's admission. The main DRPs were related to noncompliance with recommendations (24.1%), overdose (21.1%), and underdosing (13.8%). The most important PIs were dose adjustment (31.8%), accuracy of drugs administration modalities (29.3%), and proposals of therapeutic choice (27.6%). The acceptance rate of PIs was highly significant (94.8%). The majority of PIs (67.3%) was assessed as having a significant clinical impact (PI1) and 16.4% of PIs as very significant clinical impact (PI2). A single PI (0.9%) was found with vital clinical impact.Conclusion:PIs performed were relevant and contributed to the therapeutic optimization and the prevention of iatrogenic events in pediatric inpatients.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to quantify, by modeling, the impact of significant predictors on CD4 cell response during antiretroviral therapy in a resource-limited setting.MethodsModeling was used to determine which antiretroviral therapy response predictors (baseline CD4 cell count, clinical state, age, and adherence) significantly influence immunological response in terms of CD4 cell gain compared to a reference value at different periods of monitoring.ResultsAt 6 months, CD4 cell response was significantly influenced by baseline CD4 count alone. The probability of no increase in CD4 cells was 2.6 higher in patients with a baseline CD4 cell count of ≥200/mm3. At 12 months, CD4 cell response was significantly influenced by both baseline CD4 cell count and adherence. The probability of no increase in CD4 cells was three times higher in patients with a baseline CD4 cell count of ≥200/mm3 and 0.15 times lower with adherent patients. At 18 months, CD4 cell response was also significantly influenced by both baseline CD4 cell count and adherence. The probability of no increase in CD4 cells was 5.1 times higher in patients with a baseline CD4 cell count of ≥200/mm3 and 0.28 times lower with adherent patients. At 24 months, optimal CD4 cell response was significantly influenced by adherence alone. Adherence increased the probability (by 5.8) of an optimal increase in CD4 cells. Age and baseline clinical state had no significant influence on immunological response.ConclusionThe relationship between adherence and CD4 cell response was the most significant compared to that of baseline CD4 cell count. Counseling before initiation of treatment and educational therapy during follow-up must always help to strengthen adherence and optimize the efficiency of antiretroviral therapy in a resource-limited setting.

ObjectivesThis study aims to analyze the profile and relevance of pharmaceutical interventions (PIs) in the management of tuberculosis (TB) at inpatient settings.Patients and methodsCross-sectional descriptive study conducted from March to December 2014 within the inpatient unit of pneumophtisiology department, Ivory Coast. Information collected was based on the classification of drug-related problems (DRPs) and PIs outlined by the French Society of Clinical Pharmacy. A score was assigned to each PI according to the importance of the potential clinical impact. This score was correlated with the severity of clinical consequences avoided by the intervention. The listing of interventions was made by pneumophtisiology specialists. The score assigned to each intervention ranged from 0 (without clinical impact) to 3 (vital clinical impact). The acceptance rate of interventions by physicians was evaluated.ResultsOf 130 patients, 28.5% received PIs. The main reasons for interventions were drug–drug interactions (26.4%), noncompliance with recommendations (24.5%), and adverse effects (24.5%). Antituberculosis drugs were involved in 40.3% of DRPs. Interventions were predominantly proposals for monitoring treatment effectiveness and safety parameters (52.7%) followed by proposals of therapeutic choice (28.1%). All interventions were accepted by the physicians. Most interventions (59.6%) were listed as interventions with significant clinical impact.ConclusionThe presence of a pharmacist at inpatient setting has contributed to the prevention and resolution of problems related to the pharmacotherapeutic management of TB. Pharmacists can position themselves as major players in the therapeutic management of TB inpatient in resource-limited setting.

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Background: Multiple biochemical parameters related to cytolysis, cholestasis and/or liver failure, can be used to evaluate liver tolerance to antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. what parameters are most suitable for monitoring early hepatic tolerance in the developing countries? Objective: to evaluate liver tolerance to NVP (nevirapine) or EFV (efavirenz)- based regimens during the first six months. Method: This is a preliminary prospective cohort study with 125 naive ivorian HIV1-infected patients, by observing the level of ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartate aminotrans- ferase), ALP (alkaline phosphatase), GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase), and TBR (total bilirubin). Results: variable changes are noticed in the level of various biochemical parameters from M0 to M6. Nevertheless, we found that the values of these parameters studied fall within normal ranges except for GGT which showed an increased level with NVP-based regimen. Biological liver tolerance to NVP or EFV-based regimen was good at M3 and M6 during therapy. The percentage of patients who had elevated ALT activity had tripled with each ARV regimen from M3 to M6. We noticed a decrease in the median value of transaminases (ALT and AST) from M0 to M6. This decrease was statistically significant for patients on EFV-based regimen from M0 to M3 and from M0 to M6. The ALP enzymes were the least affected after initiation of therapy, regardless of the regimen taken. In general,we noticed an hepatotoxicity of grade 1 or 2, in the two ARV regimens. The hepatotoxicity of grade 3 or 4 were rare (only with transaminases and GGT). Conclusion: we suggest a study of longer duration involving more patients, probably limited to the monitoring of transaminases (ALT and AST) and GGT, due to the results more or less sensitive about them in our analysis

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